Psych brain and behavior final

Which regions of the cortex project to the basal ganglia?

all areas of the cortex project to the basal ganglia

3 multiple choice options

neurons that fire when we execute a movement and when we observe another person making the same movement are referred to as:

mirror neurons

3 multiple choice options

the gate theory of pain can help explain:

why rubbing an injury can reduce pain.

3 multiple choice options

The cerebellum's role in motor behavior is primarily involved with:

timing of movements and maintaining movement accuracy

3 multiple choice options

to which of the following systems is the somatosensory system most closely linked?

motor

3 multiple choice options

the sensory and motor cortices are:

continuously modified with learning and experience

3 multiple choice options

Emotion can be considered _____, whereas motivation can be considered _____.

cognitive interpretations of subjective feelings; behavior that is purposeful and goal directed

_____ skin is much more richly endowed with receptors and is exquisitely more sensitive to a wider range of stimuli than ____ skin.

Glabrous (hairless); hairy

Nociception

perception of pain

Signals from motor cortex to the spinal cord are transmitted via cortical layer(s):

cortical layers 5 to 6

action potentials in the semicircular canals are stimulated by:

bending hair cells

3 multiple choice options

which part of the brain is responsible for planning movements?

frontal lobe

3 multiple choice options

vivid dreaming usually takes place in:

REM sleep

3 multiple choice options

If you are cold, you begin to shiver. If you are hot, you begin to sweat. These are examples of:

physiological responses

3 multiple choice options

sleep is important for

memory consolidation

3 multiple choice options

During LTP_____ (as well as Na+) enters postsynaptic NMDA receptors to begin a chain of events that lead to an increase in the number of postsynaptic AMPA receptors.

Ca2+

3 multiple choice options

Language, memory, and emotion are:

constructs and inferred from behavior

The medial forebrain bundle helps transmit ____ to the ____.

dopamine; basal ganglia

3 multiple choice options

Which of the following structures is not part of the classic Limbic circuit once thought to mediate emotion?

the anterior putamen

3 multiple choice options

Olfactory receptors neurons code different scents because:

each neuron responds to a specific scent.

2 multiple choice options

Another word for explicit memory is:

episodic memory

according to Robinson and Burridge, wanting is controlled by ___, whereas liking is controlled by ____.

dopamine; opioids

the _____ receives projections from the olfactory system and plays an important role in computing the valuation underlying a variety of emotional and social behavior.

Orbitofrontal cortex

Which of the following lobes is most analogous to an orchestra conductor?

frontal lobes

3 multiple choice options

reinforcement is thought to be regulated largely by

dopamine

Young human infants can mimic facial expressions. This is:

an example of innate releasing mechanism

Pheromones are detected by:

vomeronasal organ

the frontal lobe is most involved in:

goal-directed planning

Broca's aphasia is associated with:

deficits in initiating the motor programs for speech.

Wernicke's area is located in the:

posterior temporal lobe

You are in a crowded supermarket with your 4-year-old nephew. When you are in the candy aisle, he asks you for a chocolate bar. You initially refuse, saying that it is not good for him to eat candy. He begins to cry and whine loudly. Embarrassed by all the attention you are attracting, you buy him the chocolate bar to stop him from crying. Now every time you go to the store, your nephew whines until you buy him something. This is an example of:

Operant conditioning

a ____ is a neural-spatial representation of areas of the sensory world perceived by a sensory organ.

topographic map

locate the following areas of the brain

tail of the caudate nucleus

amygdala

substantia nigra

striatum

parvocellular cells

primarily receive their input from cones.

the primary visual cortex is also known as

V1

the inner ear ossicles are involved in what aspect of sound processing

Amplification

the frontal lobes are fully developed

at around 25 y.o.

which of the following is the correct sequence of brain development?

cell birth, cell migration, cell differentiation, cell maturation

the part of the sensory world that stimulates a neuron is called the neurons

receptive field

you can create a simplistic model of Parkinsons disease in a rat by:

lesioning the substantia nigra

cells that respond to a moving bar of light in a specific orientation are called:

simple cortical cells

the ventral stream projects to the:

temporal lobe

Orientation detection is first coded by:

retinal ganglion cells

____ uses light to control targeted cells in living tissue in order to activate proteins.

optogenetics

rods are used primarily in ____, whereas cones are found primarily in ____.

peripheral vision; the fovea

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) uses

radioactive isotopes

Neurons migrate to their appropriate location by following a road laid down by:

radial glial cells

according to recent research, which of the following scenarios is most likely to lead to an infant death from SIDS?

faster reuptake of serotonin in the synapse

on-center cells

-Excited when light falls on the center portion of the receptive field

fMRI has high _____ but low _____

spatial resolution; temporal resolution

the superior colliculus plays an important role in:

orienting responses

a computed tomography (CT) scan is a:

series of x-rays

the central nervous system originates from:

neural tube

EEG can be used to:

monitor sleep, estimate depth of anesthesia, and detect epilepsy

Neurons migrate to the correct locations by following:

radial glial cells and chemical signaling

studies have shown that children are able to solve the _____ prior to the _____.

nonmatching to sample task prior to concurrent discrimination task.

Magnocellular cells

have low visual acuity, are insensitive to color, and primarily receive inputs from rods

The main advantage of MEG over EEG is:

MEG is better at localizing the source of electrical signals in the brain

Human lesion patients are good for studying:

long duration, spatially non-specific neural influences over behavior

sound transduction occurs on the:

basilar membrane

anencephaly is a result of

failure of the front end of the neural tube to close

EEG measures what aspect of neuronal activity?

The electrical summation of graded potentials on dendrites.

Neuroblasts and glioblasts are formed directly from:

progenitor cells

Thalamic ____ geniculate nucleus is involved in vision, whereas ____ geniculate nucleus is involved in sound.

lateral; medial

which of the following is the correct order of neuron layers in the retina from outermost (rostral) to innermost (caudal)

photoreceptor layer, bipolar cell layer, ganglion cell layer

Prosody means the same as:

tone of voice

cerebral palsy is most often caused by:

oxygen deprivation

A ____ is a neural-spatial representation of areas of the sensory world perceived by a sensory organ.

topographic map

____ is the process that works to suppress gene expression.

methylation

The blood brain barrier does not allow ____ to pass.

neurochemicals

ionotropic receptors consist of

both a binding site and a pore

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are used to treat

depression

Benzodiazepines and barbiturates are often prescribed as

antianxiety drugs

Relatives to the synapse, axon terminals are found on the ____ whereas dendritic spines are found on the ____.

presynaptic membrane; postsynaptic membrane

_____ is the deactivation of a neurotransmitter by transporter proteins that bring the transmitter back into presynaptic side for reuse.

reuptake

the movement of ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is called:

diffusion

neurotransmitters are produced in the: cell body and presynaptic terminals

Na and K channels on axons are mainly:

voltage dependent

a drug that prevents the breakdown of ACh at synapses is an example of an:

agonist

a second messenger system can:

Alter ion flow through the membrane channels, cause a series of reactions that result in the formation of new membrane ion channels, and initiate the production of new proteins

a synapse is the space between

an axon terminal and a dendrite

a drug that blocks the release of ACh is called

antagonist

the speed at which nerve impulses travel down an axon are greatly increased by

myelin

metabotropic channels are defined by the existence of a:

G protein coupled receptors

Nicotine, a chemical found in tobacco smoke, has its effect by:

promoting the release of ACh

the action potential normally consists of the summed current changes caused by the ____ and the ____.

inflow of sodium; outflow of potassium

when the neuron is at rest, _____ channels are normally closed, whereas _____ is free to enter and leave the cell.

Na; K

Another term for incentive-sensitization theory of addiction is:

wanting and liking theory

In the mammalian brain ______ is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter, and ______ is the main excitatory neurotransmitter.

GABA; glutamate

Another term for volts is:

electrical potential between two poles.

_____ can also act as neurotransmitters.

hormones

_____ is a neurotransmitter that slows down heart rate, whereas _____ speeds it up.

Acetylcholine; norepinephrine

A change in the resting potential from -70 mV to -73 mV is called

hyperpolarization

Agonist is to antagonist as:

accelerate is to brake.

acetylcholine is most often deactivated through

enzymatic degradation

action potential originate in the:

axon hillock

GABA

decreases the firing of cells

which of the following is least efficient method of drug administration

Oral consumption

3 multiple choice options

saltatory conduction refers to:

action potential jumping from one node to the next