APUSH Ch. 11-22

Thomas Jefferson

Third President, president under Lewis and Clark, created Jeffersonian Democracy, elected in 1801

Aaron Burr

VP under Jefferson, tied and lost in HoR, creates confederacy for NY and NE to secede, kills Hamilton, charged for treason but acquitted and flees.

midnight judges

The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.

John Marshall

Ruled Marbury v. Madison, created rule of judiciary review, Chief Justice, prevented Jefferson from breaking judges

Marbury vs. Madison

Case in which the supreme court first asserted the power of Judicial review in finding that the congressional statue expanding the Court's original jurisdiction was unconstitutional

Napoleon sold Louisiana for 2 reasons: to protect US from having British in Louisiana and no purpose of LA for France,
- Gave America vast farmland and territory
- Finicky ratification: Jefferson knew unconstitutional

Lewis & Clark expedition 1804-1806

an expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories of the United States

Chesapeake Affair 1807

The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology.

Embargo Act of 1807

Closed all American ports from foreign trade. Created industry, bad economy, and didn't work. England and France did not care

James Madison

Took office in 1809, former secretary of state, couldn't control Congress, led to the war of 1812.

Macon's Bill No. 2 1810

Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain.

The War Hawks

New, young hotheads in Congress, from South and West, wanted war with Britain and wanted more land.

Henry Clay (Young Republic Era)

Former Secretary of State, Kentucky senator guided US, created the American System, settled Ghent Treaty

John C. Calhoun (Young Republic Era)

created the South Carolina Exposition, threatened to secede if Tariff of Abominations was not repealed, led the War Hawks in Congress

Tecumseh

a famous chief of the Shawnee who, along with his brother, tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlement, led to the Battle of Tippecanoe, and joined the British in the War of 1812

Battle of Tippecanoe 1811

Tecumseh and the Prophet attack, but General Harrison crushes them in this battle ends Tecumseh's attempt to unite all tribes in Mississippi.

Oliver Hazard Perry

United States commodore who led the fleet that defeated the British on Lake Erie during the War of 1812

Burning of Washington, DC 1814

British invaded Chesapeake Bay and set fire to the entire city, including the white house., dispersed militia

Fort McHenry

Baltimore, British fleet slammed the fort, still stood, Key wrote National Anthem

Battle of New Orleans 1815

Massive victory for America, after war was declared over

John Quincy Adams (Young Republic Era)

Son of John Adams, future president, secretary of state under Monroe, assigned Ghent treaty

Treaty of Ghent December 24, 1814

both sides agreed to stop fighting, many American concerns were not addressed.
Demands: No Orders in Council, impressment, confiscations, Indians
Results: Draw in battle, nothing answered

Hartford Convention 1814

Federalists gathered from New England to discuss grievances, seemed ungrateful, and death to Federalists

American System

Heart of nationalism post-1812, 1824, Henry Clay, 3-parts: strong banking, revenue from credit, network of roads and canals

James Monroe

Had 2 terms, Monroe doctrine, president during 1812, "Era of Good Feelings", spirit f Old and New generation

Era of Good Feelings

Monroe's two terms, emerging nationalism, everyone welcomed, high morale and economic prosperity, though skill had issues

Panic of 1819

Deflation, depression, bankruptcies, failures, unemployment, caused by over-speculation of frontier lands

Tallmadge Amendment

Sought to forbid the further introduction of slaves into Missouri and mandated that all children of slave parents born in the state after its admission should be free at the age of 25; failed to pass the Senate.

Missouri Compromise 1820

Maine became free, but Missouri a slave, prohibited slavery above the 36 30' parallel

The Monroe Doctrine

Non-colonization and Nonintervention: Monroe proclaimed that colonization ended, Old World might keep what it gained, and that Europe can't allow colonies to be monarchies, never law or pledge, just a statement, reflection of post-1812 nationalism, not very powerful

Nicholas Biddle (Jacksonian Era)

President of the Bank of the United States, tried hard to fight against Jackson, but Jackson closed his bank.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, split country politically, Indian removal, suffered from tariffs

John C. Calhoun (Jacksonian Era)

VP under Andrew Jackson, wanted SC to nullify the Tariff of 1828, favored tariff of 1833 (compromise), eventually became Whig

Henry Clay (Jacksonian Era)

Speaker of the House, voted for John Quincy Adams over Jackson, despised Andrew Jackson, created a compromise for Tariff of 1828.

Martin Van Buren

Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. Successor to Jackson, weak, neutral, unpopular, not favored by some Jacksonites

John Quincy Adams (Jacksonian Era)

Part of corrupt bargain, 1 term, voted through House of Representatives, many Jackson supporters disliked

Corrupt Bargain

Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson.

Daniel Webster

Gave up defense of free trade for higher tariff, wanted to renew charter of Bank of United States, Whig, fought against Jackson

William Henry Harrison

President for 32 days, leading Whig, many put support behind him to help Whigs win, led US forces in Tippecanoe

Stephen Austin

Was granted huge tract of land in 1823, was sent to jail, eventually gained independence from Mexico

Sam Houston

Ex-governor of Tennessee, commander-in-chief of Texas, army defeated Santa Anna, made border of Texas at Rio Grande

Santa Anna

Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War, signed land treaty

Mass democracy

Jackson and Jacksonites invited to give power to people, people could elect presidents, through naming conventions

Anti-Masonic Party

3rd party in 1832, potent force in New York, against Jackson, did not win, absorbed by Whigs as all against Jackson

spoils system

Rewarded supporters with office, introduced in Jacksonian government

Tariff of Abominations 1828

raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South, said tariff was unfair and unconstitutional

Tariff of 1832

A tariff imposed by Jackson which was unpopular in the South; South Carolina nullified it, but Jackson pushed through the Force Act, which enabled him to make South Carolina comply through force

"Trail of Tears" 1831

Jackson, despite judicial review, forced native Americans to immigrate, cleared up land in Georgia

Panic of 1837

state banks received government money, issued paper money and financed wild speculation, Jackson issued the Specie Circular, Bank War, failure of crops and unemployment

Force Bill 1833

authorized president to use army and navy to collect federal tariff duties

Divorce Bill 1837

Van Buren, divorced government from banking, established an independent treasury, government could lock money in vaults in several cities.

Lone Star Republic 1836

Texas gained independence, eventually becomes part of United States

Independent Treasury

Gov't could lock surplus money, funds would be safe, though shrunk credit sources

"Pet banks"

Jackson chose these in place of Bank of United States, though were very wild in loan lending and giving money: risky

Samuel Slater 1791

put into operation the first efficient American machinery for spinning cotton thread, expedited industrialization

Cyrus McCormick 1830s

invented the mechanical reaper, hastened agricultural output, increased effectivity

Eli Whitney 1793

invented cotton gin, sped up process of picking cotton, perfected manufacturing of muskets and guns, 1798, helped factories flourish, but also helped slavery spur

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship, revolutionized transportation

Cyrus Field 1858

laid the first telegraph wire across the Atlantic, cut down the time it took for a message to be sent from Europe to American and vice-versa.

Samuel F.B. Morse

invented telegraph, along with morse code, made mail a little obsolete, easy communication

DeWitt Clinton

Governor of New York, started the Erie Canal project, finished, "transported" MS River to East

Catharine Beecher

Urged women into teaching, her dream came true, teaching more womanized

cotton gin 1793

Whitney invented, effective picking process, changed cotton farming

Order of the Star-Spangled Banner

"Nativists", developed into American Party, disliked immigrants, wanted to limit immigration and naturalization, occasional mass violence

cult of domesticity

idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands

nativism

the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants, clamored for restrictions on immigration

Commonwealth v. Hunt 1842

ruled labor unions were not illegal, as longas honorable and peaceful -\> constitutional

Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge 1837

charter granted by state to company cannot work against people

Unitarianism

God existed in one person, not orthodox trinity, stressed essential goodness of humans, rationalism and optimism different

Second Great Awakening 1800s

fresh wave of revivals, feminized religion, more people than first, widened lines between classes and regions

Charles G. Finney

Great revival preachers, led massive revivals in Rochester and NYC, created "anxious bench" sinners: sit in front of everyone (1830-1831)

Joseph Smith

deciphered Book of Mormon, created mormonism, was hated by many for radical beliefs, left in 1840 for Utah

Brigham Young

Carried mormon torch, reached Utah and settled with other Mormons, prospered and flourished, people tried to limit

Horace Mann

Reformed education, better schoolhouses, longer school terms, higher pay, expanded curriculum, influence expanded

Noah Webster

"Schoolmaster of the Republic." Wrote reading primers and texts for school use. He was most famous for his dictionary, first published in 1828, which standardized the English language in America.

McGuffey Readers 1830s

sold 122 million copies, boosted literacy, morality patriotism, idealism

Dorothea Dix

New England teacher, author, compassion and will power, reports on asylums and prisons, advocated for better prison conditions

transcendentalism

truth does not come from senses, it comes from within, related to self-reliance and self-discipline, disliked authority. Intuition and imagination

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. Was a lyceum lecturer and took a western tour every winter, poet and philosopher, poems caught mood of society, ideals reflected in America

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. Poet, mystic, transcendentalist, didn't like slavery, writings bodied transcendentalist ideas, Of Civil Disobedience

Walt Whitman

American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, Leaves of Grass, broke structure

American Temperance Society 1826

Boston, implored drinkers to sign pledge, organized clubs, used pictures and pamphlets for message, time of heavy drinking

Maine Law of 1851

Prohibited manufacture and sale of alcohol, more followed, other states followed their lead

Lucretia Mott

Quaker women's rights advocate who also strongly supported abolition of slavery

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Refused to "obey" in marriage, advocated woman suffrage, drafted Declaration of Sentiments

Elizabeth Blackwell

First female graduate of medical college, challenged world

Margaret Fuller

Edited transcendentalist journal, The Dial, and brought unity (struggle) and republican gov't to Italy

Lucy Stone

retained maiden name, others followed her example

Women's Rights Convention 1848

Gathering of feminist activists in Seneca Falls, NY, launched women's rights movement, resolutions for suffrage, amid scorn. Movement shadowed by Civil War

Declaration of Sentiments

Modeled after Declaration of Independence, outlined rights and needs of women, wrongdoings by men

Fiscal Bank

Went on the same lines as the two Banks of the US, President vetoed it in 1841 on alleged constitutional grounds. This ended all serious attempts to create a great national bank.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty 1842

signed by Webster, Ashburton, and Britain, settled border between Maine and Canada, Britain gets Halifax route

Caroline Affair 1837

A steamer on the Niagara and was set on fire by British, US dramatized event, accused someone, but eventually let go for fear of another war

"spot" resolutions

Lincoln demanded the exact spot where American blood had been shed, method to disprove Polk's reasoning and justification for war

Bear Flag Revolt

American naval officers and with the local Americans, along with Captain John C. Fremont to overthrow Mexicans in California

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo 1848

Signed by Nicolas P Trist after getting sent home by Polk, land stretched of Texas to California, $15 million for total, a steal

Aroostook War

War over border between Maine and California, British wanted to build road between Halifax and Quebec

Tariff of 1842

Tyler reluctantly signed into law, prices to 32%, Tyler realized need for revenue, compromise

Walker Tariff 1846

Robert J Walker proposed tariff for revenue bill, excellent revenue producer, heavy imports, reduced from 32% to 26%

Wilmot Proviso 1846

Sought to ban slavery in any of the territory from Mexico, showed issue of slavery, passes HoR but not Senate