Period 4: 1800–1848: The Meaning of Democracy in an Era of Economic and Territorial Expansion

Era of Good Feelings

The Federalist Party lost strength as Republican-leaning agricultural areas grew faster than Northeast commercial hubs. This led to the "**________**" in the 1810s and 1820s, when only one major party contended for national votes.

internal reforms

Monroe's "_______" and other Federalist policies survived in the Supreme Court, which was unaffected by elections.

American System

Hamilton's program was preserved through Henry Clay's "________."

Marbury v. Madison

The most important decision of the Marshall Court was _____, which established the principle of judicial review.

Louisiana Purchase

It was the most significant act of Thomas Jefferson's presidency, as it doubled the territory of the United States, added the fertile Great Plains, and gained full control of the port of New Orleans.

American System

Henry Clay, a leading member of the House of Representatives, proposed the "____" to promote economic growth.

First Barbary War

Tripoli demanded a steep increase in payment from the United States, leading to the ____.

Second Barbary War (1815)

It took a ____ to finally bring an end to the American practice of paying tribute to the Barbary states.

Chesapeake-Leopard

The _________ incident happened in 1807, when the British vessel HMS Leopard fired on the unprepared thirty-eight-gun American Navy frigate USS Chesapeake, killing three Americans and kidnapping four others.

Embargo Act (1807)

This act passed by Presidents Jefferson and Madison, cut off U.S. trade to all foreign ports.

Non-Intercourse Act (1809)

In the waning days of President Jefferson's administration, Congress replaced the Embargo Act with the _____, opening trade with all nations except for Great Britain and France.

Maconʼs Bill No. 2 (1810)

This stipulated that if either Great Britain or France agreed to respect America's rights as a neutral nation at sea, the United States would prohibit trade with that nation's enemy.

Andrew Jackson

The United States achieved a major victory at New Orleans in early 1815, led by General ____, and signed a peace treaty in late 1814.

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

It ended the War of 1812.

Old China Trade

United States merchants opened a lucrative trade with China following the American Revolution, known as the "____".

Treaty of Wanghia

In 1844, the United States and China signed the ____, which extended the same trading privileges that had been extended to Great Britain.

Monroe Doctrine

President James Monroe issued the ____ in 1823 to limit European influence in the Western Hemisphere.

The Adams-Onís Treaty (1819)

This transferred control of Florida to the United States, accepted Spain's claims to Texas, and settled the boundary between Louisiana and Spanish-held territory.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)

This treaty settled a dispute between the United States and Great Britain over the border between Maine and British-ruled Canada.

Aroostook War

In 1838 and 1839, Americans and Canadians began moving into the area around the Aroostook River, leading to the "____".

Oregon Trail

In the 1830s and 1840s, adventurous Americans began traveling west along the ____ and settling in the Willamette River.

49th parallel

Great Britain balked at giving up all the territory, and in 1846, the administration of President James Polk reached a compromise with Britain, establishing the border at the _____.

Second Bank of the United States

Banking and credit played an important role in economic expansion in the early 1800s, with the _____ extending credit and many "wildcat" banks issuing currency in excess of assets held.

Panic of 1819

This was caused by the growing role of the United States as an exporter of farm goods and the fevered speculation in western lands.

Incorporation laws

These laws provided investors with "limited liability" and allowed them to invest their money.

antebellum period

This period was characterized by hand-operated tools or animal-assisted implements.

steel plow

developed by John Deere in 1847, proved to be more durable and efficient than the cast-iron plow.

first automatic reaper

developed by Cyrus McCormack in 1831, cut and stacked wheat and other grains.

mass-production techniques

proposed by Eli Whitney in the production of small firearms, and spread to other manufacturing operations by the time of the Civil War.

steamboat

Robert Fulton developed a functioning _____, the Clermont, in 1807, and within twenty years, steamboats were dominating commercial shipping.

telegraph

Samuel Morse developed and patented the _____ in 1844. This invention revolutionized long distance communication.

Washington, D.C. to Baltimore

first telegraph line was from ______ to *_______*.

Morse code

Telegraph messages were transmitted in long and short electrical impulses, called ______.

internal improvements

The construction of canals and roads, called , did much to expand trade________, especially between the Midwest (then known as the West) and eastern cities.

Erie Canal

Most significant canal was the _______, which connected the Hudson River to the Great Lakes, reducing the cost of moving a ton of freight from Buffalo to New York City by 90%.

National Road

The most important road project was the ________ , which stretched from Maryland to the Ohio River Valley from 1811 to 1853.

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad

Railroads were laid in 1829 by the _______, connecting the far reaches of the country east of the Mississippi River and expanding markets.

cotton gin

The invention of the ________ by Eli Whitney allowed for the rapid processing of cotton, leading to more and more acres being put under cultivation.

Ireland

The largest immigrant group into the United States during the antebellum period was from ______, due to crop failures at home that led to mass starvation.

potato famine

The "_____" was partly a natural phenomenon and partly the result of British policies, which pushed potato farming to marginal land.

German triangle

German immigrants were more likely to have the resources to continue their journeys beyond their initial city, and settled in the "______" of western cities.

free labor

The economy of the United States in the first half of the nineteenth century provided for a degree of social mobility for many ordinary Americans. This was reflected in the "**_____**" ideology, which upheld the dignity of work and led Northerners to see their society as superior to that of the South.

Factory Girls Association

In the 1830s, mill workers in Lowell, Massachusetts, organized as the ______, staged two strikes.

Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court in Commonwealth v. Hunt

The 1842 decision by the _____________ set an important precedent by declaring that unions were lawful organizations as long as they used legal means to achieve their goals.

Putting-out System

This system was suited to small-town and rural communities, where families might be simultaneously involved in semi-subsistence agriculture and in the putting-out system.

Samuel Slater

He built the first factory in the US in 1790s, spinning cotton and wool into yarn or thread, powered by the Blackstone River.

Daniel Webster

He led conservative opponents of democratic reform in the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention of 1820–1821, arguing that "power naturally and necessarily follows property."

People's Convention

In 1841, democratic reformers organized a _____, which wrote a new, more democratic, state constitution. They then tried to put this constitution into effect and inaugurate Dorr.

Alexis de Tocqueville

His travels and observations led him to produce Democracy in America, a classic account of democracy and an insightful description of the United States at the time.

Age of Jacksonian Democracy

A period of political divisions during the administration of President Andrew Jackson

Tariff Act (1828)

This act dramatically raised tariff rates on many items, leading to a reduction in trade between the US and Europe, hitting South Carolina particularly hard.

John C. Calhoun

He asserted the right of states to nullify federal legislation, but courts upheld the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution.

Force Bill (1833)

President Jackson challenged the move and pushed through the ____, which authorized military force against South Carolina for committing treason.

Second Bank of the United States

Andrew Jackson and his political opponents fought over the ____, a national bank that had been part of the national discourse since Alexander Hamilton proposed it in 1791.

Specie Circular (1836)

President Andrew Jackson issued the _____ , mandating that government-held land be sold only for hard currency.

Whig Party

founded in 1833 by opponents of President Andrew Jackson and the Democratic Party. It was composed of Northerners and southerners, Irish and German Catholic immigrants, and evangelical Protestants.

Treaty of Fort Wayne

In 1809, the governor of the Indiana Territory, William Henry Harrison, negotiated the ______, in which Indians agreed to cede three million acres for a nominal fee.

Tecumseh

the most important regional native leader, was not present for this agreement, as he was on a trip recruiting followers to resist encroachments by white settlers.

Tenskwatawa

the Prophet, was organizing a spiritual and political front to unite all the Indian nations east of the Mississippi River.

Battle of Tippecanoe

____Settlers in the Indiana Territory persuaded Governor William Henry Harrison to wage war against Tecumseh's confederation, resulting in the Battle of Tippecanoe (1811).

Indian Removal Act (1830)

This policy applied to the American Indians of the South as well as the Old Northwest and, to a lesser degree, New England and New York.

Trail of Tears

Federal forces were ordered to implement Georgia's removal policy, resulting in the deportation of 18,000 American Indians and the "______", which resulted in the deaths of around a quarter of the travelers.

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

The state of Georgia, with the cooperation of Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren, began the process of relocating American Indians to the West not withstanding the Supreme Court ruling in ______ proclaiming that American Indian tribes were subject to federal treaties.

John Ross

By 1838, the Cherokee had exhausted all legal and political objections to removal, and under the leadership of _____, the majority chose a policy of quiet resistance in order to remain on their territory.

First Seminole War

In the late 1700s and early 1800s, white southerners grew frustrated with the number of escaped slaves who made their way into Florida, leading to raids by southern whites into Florida and counterraids by the Seminole and other American Indians on communities in Georgia and Alabama, which led to _______.

Second Seminole War (1835–1842)

In the _____ , native warriors fought U.S. troops to a standstill in the Everglades, leading to the capture of the Seminole leader, Chief Osceola.

Indian Territory of Oklahoma

The _______ was established by the Indian Intercourse Act of 1834 as part of the government's American Indian removal policy.

Romanticism

This was a reaction to industrialization and the market revolution, and harkened back to a simpler, more authentic past.

Hudson River School

This school of painting, which flourished from the 1820s to the 1870s, is best represented by three artists: Thomas Cole, Asher Durand, and Frederic Church.

Leatherstocking Tales

James Fenimore Cooper was the most successful American romantic writer, with his "*_______*" capturing the danger and fascination of the frontier experience.

Washington Irving

He also captured the spirit of romanticism with his humorous short stories, "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and invented the fictional historian Diedrich Knickerbocker.

Second Great Awakening

It was a religious revival in the first decades of the 19th century that sought to revive religious sentiment among the American people. It was particularly strong in the "burned-over district" along the Erie Canal, where ministers such as Charles Grandison Finney argued that a person could determine their own eternal life.

Joseph Smith

He founded the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints

Mormons

Other name for the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints

Henry David Thoreau

______ wrote about the importance of nature and lived in isolation at Walden Pond for two years.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

_______ wrote philosophical essays such as "On Self-Reliance" and "Resistance to Civil Government".

Brook Farm

This was established outside of Boston in 1841 by transcendentalist George Ripley, was based on the idea that all residents would share equally in the labor of the community and partake equally in leisure.

Longhouse Religion

In the wake of the defeat and dispossession of the Iroquois Confederacy, a Seneca named Handsome Lake developed a set of spiritual practices that came to be known as the “_____.”

Six Sermons on the Nature, Occasions, Signs, Evils, and Remedy of Intemperance

Lyman Beecher's *______* (1827) was a guiding text of the movement, which was successful in gaining recruits.

American Temperance Society

This claimed 1.5 million members by 1835, and alcohol consumption per person in the United States dropped by about half from 1830 to 1840.

prohibitionist

This impulse within the movement had successes in the 1850s, with Maine becoming a "dry" state in 1851, completely banning the sale or manufacture of all alcoholic beverages.

Dorothea Dix

One of the main organizers was ______, whose efforts led to the creation of the first generation of psychiatric asylums in the United States.

Horace Mann

he was secretary of education in Massachusetts in the 1840s and 1850s, and served in the U.S. House of Representatives.

Abolitionism

It was a minority opinion among northern whites in the antebellum period, but it had a major impact on America, opening up sectional divisions that contributed to the Civil War.

William Lloyd Garrison

a white abolitionist, published The Liberator in 1831, becoming the key figure in the movement for the immediate and uncompensated abolition of slavery.

American Colonization Society

founded in 1817 with the goal of transporting African Americans to Africa. The motives of the founders varied, with some sympathizing with African Americans and others wanting to rid America of them.

Liberia

The American Colonization Society purchased land in West Africa and began a colony they called ________, but only 12,000 African Americans went to Africa between 1820 and the Civil War.

Liberty Party

The party formed in 1840 to argue that the Constitution was an antislavery document and that the United States should live up to its ideals. They hoped to influence public opinion through the electoral arena, while Garrison rejected participating in electoral politics.

Elijah Lovejoy

an abolitionist newspaper publisher in Illinois, was killed by a proslavery mob. He had been the subject of harassment; mobs had destroyed his printing press three times before they killed him.

Dorothea Dix

She led the movement for more humane treatment for those with mental illness, and the Female Moral Reform Society urged women not to engage in prostitution.

Seneca Falls Convention

This was the first public gathering to raise the issue of women's suffrage, but it also called attention to the entire structure of gender inequality, including property rights, education, wages, child custody, divorce, and the overall legal status of women.

Declaration of Sentiments

The Seneca Falls Convention issued a _____ modeled after the Declaration of Independence, declaring that all men and women are created equal.

Denmark Vesey

A free Black man in Charleston, South Carolina, was tried for plotting a slave rebellion in 1822. He was charged with organizing a plot to destroy Charleston and instigate a broad slave uprising.

Nat Turner

A slave preacher, organized a rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia in 1831 that resulted in the deaths of five African Americans.

Turner's rebellion

the largest rebellion in the nineteenth century, leading to increased fears of slave rebellions and stricter laws governing the behavior of slaves.

David Walker

He was an important early figure in the antislavery movement, issuing a pamphlet called "*David Walker's Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World*" in 1829.

Frederick Douglass

His most famous speech is "*What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?*" which is critical of the United States for not abiding by its founding principles.

African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church

It was founded by Richard Allen in 1816 to give free African-Americans greater autonomy and tailor religious services to their needs.

George Fitzhugh

He was the most prominent defender of slavery in the 1850s, arguing that it provided slaves with skills, discipline, and "civilization."

curse of Ham

The southern defense of slavery often invoked biblical passages to justify the institution, such as the "____" to justify the submission of the inferior classes to the superior classes.