I and S Study Guide

Daoism (Taoism)

A philosophy that emphasizes living in harmony with the Dao, promoting simplicity, humility, and compassion.

Confucianism

A philosophy founded by Confucius focusing on ethics, family loyalty, respect for elders, and social harmony.

Legalism

A philosophy advocating for strict laws and harsh punishments to maintain order in society.

Hobbes

A philosopher who believed in the necessity of a strong central authority to avoid chaos, viewing humans as naturally selfish.

Socrates

A classical Greek philosopher known for stimulating critical thinking through questioning and dialogue.

Locke

A philosopher who believed in natural rights, emphasizing that governments should be based on consent and can be overthrown.

Divine Right Theory

The theory that a ruler's authority comes directly from God.

Social Contract Theory

A theory stating that people agree to give up some freedoms for protection and order from the government.

Force Theory

The theory that governments are formed through force, where one group takes control over others.

Evolutionary Theory

The theory suggesting that governments evolved from family structures, led by the oldest male.

Low Quality Power (Violence)

Power gained through fear and force.

Medium Quality Power (Wealth)

Power that comes from having money.

High Quality Power (Knowledge)

Power derived from education and expertise.

Reward Power

The ability to give rewards to motivate others.

Expert Power

Power gained from having specialized knowledge.

Coercive Power

The ability to punish others for noncompliance.

Referent Power

Power based on admiration or respect from others.

Legitimate Power

Power granted by a position or role.