modernism, fundamentalism, revivalists, Billy Sunday, Aimee Semple McPherson, Scopes trial, Clarence Darrow, Volstead Act, organized crime, Al Capone, 21st amendment, quota laws, Sacco and Vanzetti, Ku Klux Klan, African Americans, foreigners, suspected Communists, Birth of a Nation, Gertrude Stein, "lost generation", F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemmingway, Sinclair Lewis, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, Eugene O'Neill, Edward Hopper, regional artists, Grant Wood, Thomas Hart Benton, George Gershwin, Sigmund Freud, Margaret Sanger, fashion, high school education, from the South, Harlem Renaissance, Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes, James Weldon Johnson, Claude McKay, Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, Bessie Smith, Paul Robeson, Marcus Garvey, black pride, back-to-Africa movement, Warren Harding, Charles Evans Hughes, Andrew Mellon, Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act, Bureau of the Budget, Albert B. Fall, Teapot Dome, Harry M. Daugherty, Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, Alfred E. Smith, Frederick Lewis Allen, Only Yesterday, consumer culture
modernism
historical and critical view of passages, acceptance of Darwin’s theory of evolution without abandoning religious faith, redefining faith
fundamentalism
the idea that every word in the bible was true literally, believed in creationism (God created the universe in seven days), mostly preached by rural Protestant preachers, blamed modernists for decline in morals
revivalists
used radio to preach fundamentalism in the 1920’s
Billy Sunday - attacked drinking, gambling, dancing
Aimee Semple McPherson - anti communism and jazz
Scopes trial
Tennessee and other southern states outlawed teaching Darwin’s theory of evolution for challenging fundamentalist principles
biology teacher John Scopes was persuaded by the American Civil Liberties Union to teach the theory of evolution
Lawyer Clarence Darrow defended scopes, William Jennings Bryan represented fundamentalists
Scopes was convicted but the decision was later overturned on a technicality
prohibition
18th amendment - prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages
Volstead Act - federal law enforcing prohibition/18th amendment
smuggling, bribery, gangsters, organized crime
21st amendment - repealed 18th amendment, ending prohibition after growing public resentment and criminal activity
opposition to immigration
Quota laws - restricted Asians and Eastern and Southern Europeans’ immigration to the U.S.
Sacco and Vanzetti (Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti) - poor Italian anarchists convicted and executed after being accused of robbery and murder
Ku Klux Klan
“extreme expression of nativism” in the midwest and south, terrorizing African Americans, Catholics, Jews, foreigners, and suspected Communists
mostly composed of lower middle class White Protestants in small cities and towns
Birth of a Nation - popular silent film portraying KKK members during Reconstruction as heroes
targeted “un-Americans” while in disguises, burning crosses, “vigilante justice”, whips, tar and feathers, lynching, political influences
fraud, corruption, murder convictions → decline in influence and membership
“lost generation”
Gertrude Stein referring to writers of this generation due to dominant themes of
hypocrisy of religion
condemnation of wartime sacrifices for monetary interests
ex. F. Scott Fitzgerald
regional artists - celebrated rural people and scenes (ex. Grant Wood, Thomas Hart Benton)
women, family, and education
no change in voting patterns
traditional gender roles
employed women in cities, limited jobs, lower wages
revolution in morals - greater promiscuity, birth control, fashion
liberalized divorce laws
American goal of universal high school education
African American cultural renaissance
continued migration from the South to the North
Harlem Renaissance - Harlem became famous in the 1920’s for talented actors, artists, musicians, and writers
leading Harlem poets commented on their African heritage - Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes, James Weldon Johnson, Claude McKay
Harlem musicians - Louis Armstrong
Marcus Garvey - Jamaican immigrant, developed black nationalism and Black pride
back-to-Africa movement
Republican majority
anti laissez-faire, prioritized big business over the general public
Warren Harding
Calvin Coolidge
Herbert Hoover
Warren Harding’s presidency
unpresidential leading capabilities
cabinet
secretary of states - Charles Evans Hughes
secretary of commerce - Herbert Hoover
secretary of the treasury - Andrew Mellon
Chief Justice - William Howard Taft
domestic policy
approved reduction in income tax
approved increase in tariff rates under Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act of 1922
approved establishment of Bureau of the Budget - procedures for all government expenditures to be placed in a single budget
pardoned Eugene Debs
scandals
Albert B. Fall - accepted bribes for granting oil leases near Teapot Dome, Wyoing
Harry M. Daugherty - Attorney General who took bribes for agreeing not to prosecute certain criminal suspects
Calvin Coolidge’s presidency
won election of 1924
silence, limited government, and vetoing everything
election of 1928
Republicans (winner) - Herbert Hoover - promised to extend “Coolidge prosperity” and end poverty
Democrats - Alfred E. Smith - Roman Catholic who opposed prohibition, appealing to immigrants
Frederick Lewis Allen
wrote Only Yesterday portraying the 1920’s as full of narrow-minded materialism, nativism, racism, and fundamentalism
less conflict with business in the 1920’s
consumer culture