psyc exam 2

Data collected numerically is known as __________ data.

Quantitative Data: This type of data is expressed in numbers and often involves measurements that can be statistically analyzed.

A nominal scale is a type of __________ scale.

Categorical Scales: This scale classifies data into distinct categories without any order or ranking.

Ordinal variables are ranked and their numbers have __________ value.

meaning/quantitative: Ordinal variables indicate a position or rank but do not provide exact differences between ranks.

In ordinal scales, there is __________ true zero.

No: Ordinal scales do not have an absolute zero point; they indicate order but not distance.

A ratio scale has a true zero that means __________.

nothing: A true zero indicates that the absence of the quantity being measured exists, allowing for meaningful ratios between values.

Test-retest reliability indicates that participants get the same results every time it’s __________.

measured: This means that the consistency of results is evaluated by repeating the measurement on the same subjects at different times.

Interrater reliability means that the same results occur no matter who __________ the variables.

measures: This reliability tests the degree to which different raters/observers give consistent estimates of the same phenomenon.

Interval reliability shows consistent patterns regardless of how the __________ is phrased.

question: This form of reliability assesses whether variations in wording produce different responses.

The correlation coefficient (r) ranges from __________ to __________.

0.0 to 1.0: This describes the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables, where 0 indicates no correlation and 1 indicates perfect correlation.

Face validity assesses if an instrument looks like a good __________.

measure: Face validity is a subjective evaluation of whether a test seems to measure what it claims.

Content validity ensures that all different __________ have been addressed.

components: This form of validity evaluates whether a test covers the complete range of the subject matter.

Criterion validity checks if a measure correlates with key __________.

behaviors: This validity type assesses the effectiveness of a measure against an outcome criterion.

Convergent validity evaluates if the measure correlates with other measures for the same or __________ variables.

related: This type of validity seeks to determine if constructs that should be related are indeed related.

Discriminant validity suggests that the measure shouldn’t relate to __________ variables.

opposite: This validity checks for a lack of correlation between measures that should not be related.

Reliability refers to the consistency and __________ of a measure.

dependability: Reliability indicates the extent to which a measure produces stable and consistent results over time.

Validity indicates the __________ of a measure.

accuracy: Validity is the degree to which an instrument measures what it claims to measure.

There can’t be validity without __________.

reliability: A measure requires reliability to be considered valid; if results are inconsistent, they cannot accurately reflect what is being measured.

A Likert scale assesses how much one agrees or __________ with a statement.

disagrees: This scale is commonly used in surveys to gauge attitudes by offering a range of response options.

The semantic differential format captures people's attitudes or __________.

feelings: This format allows respondents to rate a concept on a scale between two bipolar adjectives.

Response rate bias occurs when participants don’t answer __________.

truthfully: This bias arises when the honesty of respondents affects the validity of survey results.

Selection-bias means that samples don’t represent the population of __________.

interest: This bias occurs when certain individuals are more likely to be selected for a study than others.

Acquiescence is a response bias where participants tend to agree to everything, also known as __________ .

yes/strongly agree: This is a tendency where respondents agree with statements regardless of their content.

Fence sitting refers to answering in the __________.

middle: This refers to when respondents choose neutral options on surveys rather than taking a definite stance.

Observer bias is when observers see what they __________ to see.

expect: This type of bias occurs when a person's expectations influence their observations.

Observer effects occur when participants confirm observer __________.

expectations: This phenomenon happens when participants alter their behavior based on how they believe they're being perceived.

Convenience sampling involves sampling only those who are __________ to contact.

easy: This sampling method relies on selecting subjects that are readily available rather than randomly.

Self-selection sampling means only sampling individuals who __________ .

volunteer: This occurs when individuals decide to participate in a study rather than being chosen at random.

Probability sampling is also referred to as __________ random sampling.

simple random: This sampling technique gives each member of the population an equal chance of being selected.

Nonprobability sampling results in a __________ sample.

biased: This method does not give all individuals a chance to be included, which can lead to skewed results.

Systematic sampling uses a computer or __________ number.

random: This sampling approach selects every nth participant from a list based on a random start.

Cluster sampling involves selecting a __________ sample.

random: In this method, clusters or groups are randomly selected rather than individual members.

Multistage sampling randomly samples the __________ sample.

random: This approach combines several sampling methods to create more representative groups.

Stratified random sampling selects individuals from different __________ categories.

demographic: This technique ensures that various subgroups within a population are represented.

Convenience sampling is defined as sampling individuals who are __________ to find.

easy: This method focuses on individuals who are readily accessible,

Purposive sampling involves selecting __________ participants.

specific: This method targets individuals who have particular characteristics relevant to the research.

Snowball sampling starts with rare individuals who help recruit more __________.

participants: This sampling technique is useful for reaching populations that are hard to access.

Quota sampling sets a specific number of participants from multiple __________.

demographics: This method ensures representation from various segments of the population by setting quotas.