psyc exam 2

• Quantitative Data: Data is collected numerically or intended to be coded numerically 

• Categorial Scales: Nominal scales, nominal= name 

• Ordinal Variables: Ranked, Numbers have meaning/quantitative value 

• Ordinal: Interval, No “true zero”

• Interval: Ratio,“True zero” means nothing

• Test-retest reliability: Participants get the same results every time it’s measured 

2. Interrater reliability: Same results no matter who measures variables 

3. Interval reliability: Consistent patterns no matter how the question is phrased 

Correlation coefficient (r) 

• Strength of coefficient  

• Positive or negative 

• r-0.0-1.0 

• Face validity: Does it look like a good measure? 

• Content validity: have we addressed all the different components? 

• Criterion validity: does it correlate with key behaviors? 

• Convergent validity: does the measure correlate with other measures for the same variable or related measures? 

• Discriminant validity: the measure shouldn’t relate with opposite variables 

• Reliability: consistency and dependable

• validity: accuracy

• relationship between validity and reliability: there can’t be validity without reliability

• likert scale: agrees or disagrees with a statement.

• Semantic differential formal: a type of measurement scale that captures people's attitudes or feelings

• Response rate bias: participants don’t answer truthfully 

• Selection-bias: samples don’t represent the population of interest 

• Response sets (shortcut) 

• Acquiescence (yes/strongly agree to everything) 

• Fence sitting (answering in the middle) 

• Observer bias: when observers see what they expect to see 

• Observer effects: when participants confirm observer expectations 

• Sampling only those who are easy to contact : Convenience sampling 

• Sampling only those who volunteer: Self-selection 

• Probability sampling: Sample random sampling  

• Nonprobability sampling: Biased sample 

•  Systematic sampling (computer/random number) 

• Cluster sampling (random sample) 

• Multistage sampling (randomly sample the random sample) 

• Stratified random sampling (selects demographic categories) 

• Convenience sampling: easy to find  

• Purposive sampling: select specific participants 

• Snowball sampling: rare individuals, have them recruit more participants 

• Quota sampling: set number of participants from multiple demographics