Abnormal Psychology, Barlow/Durand Chapter 1 & 2

Miguel recently began feeling sad and lonely. Although still able to function at work and fulfill other responsibilities, he finds himself feeling down much of the time and he worries about what is happening to him. Which of the definitions of abnormality apply to Miguel's situation?

distress

Three weeks ago, Jane stopped showering, refused to leave her apartment and started watching television talk shows. Threats of being fired have failed to bring Jane back to reality and she continues to spend her days staring blankly at the television screen. Which of the dimensions describes her behavior?

impairment in functioning, and dysfunction

Maria should recover quickly with no intervention necessary. Without treatment, John will deteriorate rapidly. (presenting problem, prevalence, incidence, prognosis, course, or etiology?)

prognosis

Three new cases of bulimia have been reported in this county during the past month and only one in the next county: (presenting problem, prevalence, incidence, prognosis, course, or etiology?)

incidence

Elizabeth visited the campus mental health center because of her increasing feelings of guilt and anxiety: (presenting problem, prevalence, incidence, prognosis, course, or etiology?)

presenting problem

Biological, psychological, and social influences all contribute to a variety of disorders: (presenting problem, prevalence, incidence, prognosis, course, or etiology?)

etiology

The pattern a disorder follows can be chronic, time limited, or episodic. (presenting problem, prevalence, incidence, prognosis, course, or etiology?)

course

How many people in the population as a whole suffer from OCD? (presenting problem, prevalence, incidence, prognosis, course, or etiology?)

prevalence

Which treatment was used to cure evil demons taking over a victims body?

exorcism; burning at the stake

Which treatment reflected the humoral theory or the belief that normal functioning of the brain required a balance of four bodily fluids or humors?

bloodletting; induced vomiting

In historical times, what was a common treatment for maladaptive behavior caused by poor social and culutral influences within the environment?

patient placed in a socially facilitative environment.

Treating institutionalized patients as normally as possible and encouraging social interaction and relationship development.

moral therapy

Hypnosis, psychoanalysis-like free association and dream analysis, and balance of the id, ego, and superego.

psychoanalytic theory

Person-centered therapy with unconditional positive regard.

humanistic theory

Classical conditioning, systematic desensitization, and operant conditioning.

behavioral model

The fact that some phobias are more common than others (such as fear of heights and snakes) and may have contributed to the survival of the species in the past suggests that phobias may be genetically prewired. This is evidence for which influence? (behavioral, biological, emotional, social, or developmental?)

biological

Jane's husband was an unemployed jerk who spent his life chasing women other than his wife. Jan, now happily divorced, can't understand why the smell of his brand of aftershave causes her to become nauseated. This is evidence for which influence? (behavioral, biological, emotional, social, or developmental?)

behavioral, or emotional

Nathan, a 16-year-old, finds it more difficult than his 7-year-old sister to adjust to his parents' recent divorce. This is evidence for which influence? (behavioral, biological, emotional, social, or developmental?)

developmental

A traumatic ride on a Ferris wheel at a young age was most likely to have been the initial cause of Juanita's fear of heights. Her strong emotional reaction to heights is likely to maintain or even increase her fear. The initial development of the phobia is likely a result of __________ influences; however, ____________ influences are likely perpetuating the phobia. choose from: (behavioral, biological, emotional, social, or developmental?)

behavioral, emotional

T or F: The first 20 pairs of chromosomes program the development of the body and brain.

F, (first 22 pairs)

T or F: No individual genes have been identified that cause any major psychological disorders.

T

T or F: According to the diathesis-stress model, people inherit a vulnerability to express certain traits or behaviors that may be activated under certain stress conditions.

T

T or F: The idea that individuals may have a genetic endowment to increase the probability that they will experience stressful life events and therefore trigger a vulnerability is in accordance with the diatheses-stress model.

F, the gene-environment correlation model

T or F: Environmental events alone influence the development of our behavior and personalities.

F

Movement, breathing, and sleeping depend on the ancient part of the brain, which is present in most animals. (frontal lobe, brain stem, GABA, midbrain, serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, or cerebral cortex.)

brain stem

Which neurotransmitter binds to neuron receptor sites, inhibiting postsynaptic activity and reducing overall arousal? (frontal lobe, brain stem, GABA, midbrain, serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, or cerebral cortex.)

GABA

Which neurotransmitter is a switch that turns on various brain circuits? (GABA, serotonin, dopamine, or norepinephrine, )

dopamine

Which neurotransmitter seems to be involved in our emergency reactions or alarm responses? (GABA, serotonin, dopamine, or norepinephrine?)

norepinephrine

This area contains part of the reticular activating system and coordinates movement with sensory output: (frontal lobe, brain stem, GABA, midbrain, serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, or cerebral cortex.)

midbrain

Which neurotransmitter is believed to influence the way we process information, as well as to moderate or inhibit our behavior? (GABA, serotonin, dopamine, or norepinephrine)

serotonin

More than 80% of the neurons in the human ventral nervous system are contained in this part of the brain, which gives us distinct qualities:

Cerebral cortex

This area of the brain is responsible for most of our memory, thinking, and reasoning capabilities and makes us social animals:

frontal lobe

Karen noticed that every time Tyrone behaved well at lunch, the teacher praised him. Karen decided to behave better to receive praise herself. (learned helplessness, modeling, prepared learning, or implicit memory)

modeling

Josh stopped trying to please his father because he never knows whether his father will be proud or outraged. (learned helplessness, modeling, prepared learning, or implicit memory)

learned helplessness

Greg fell into a lake as a baby and almost drowned. Even though Greg has o recollection of the event, he hates to be around large bodies of water. (learned helplessness, modeling, prepared learning, or implicit memory)

implicit memory

Juanita was scared to death of the tarantula, even though she knew it wasn't likely to hurt her. (learned helplessness, modeling, prepared learning, or implicit memory)

prepared learning

What we ________ is strongly influenced by our social environments.

fear

The likelihood of your having a particular phobia is powerfully influenced by your _____________.

gender

A large number of studies have demonstrated that the greater the number and frequency of _______________ relationships and ___________ , the longer you are likely to live.

social, contacts

The effect of social and interpersonal factors on the expression of physical and psychological disorders may differ with _____________.

age

The principle of ___________ is used in developmental psychopathology to indicate that we must consider a number of paths to a given outcome.

equifinality