whap unit 3 and 4: ultimate review

what happened to people who couldn’t pay their taxes in russia?

they became serfs

how did ivan iii and ivan the terrible expand their territory?

recruited cossacks helps to aid expansion, land was then given to the boyars

cossacks

community of orthodox christian, warrior horseman, totally democratic, elected ataman for their leader

why did the cossacks rebel?

russia wanted them as subjects

what happened to the cossacks as an outcome to their rebellions?

the cossacks were defeated and became part of the russian empire

why is russia isolated?

they missed out on the rest of europe’s advancements (renaissance, new technology, scientific revolution, exploration) and they didn’t share the same religion as western europe

peter the great’s significance

westernization, built navy and schools (for education), increase russian trade, moved capital to st.petersburg

the building of st.petersburg

built by many people’s bare hands, carry dirt in clothes, transport wood through hard working laborers

nickname of st.petersburg

city of bones

how did catherine the great continue peter the great’s legacy?

took inspiration from western europe, built schools, towns hospitals, and sanitation

pugachev

cossack, charismatic leader, threatened catherine the great’s power

pugachev’s rebellion

people fought for religious freedom, not successful

what is imperialism?

when a strong nation seeks to dominate weaker nations economically, socially and politically

what were the reasons for european exploration?

gold, god, glory (3g’s)

peninsulares

top of latin america social pyramid, spaniards born in spain

creoles

under peninsulares in the social triangle, spaniards born in latin america

mestizos

mixed european and indian ancestry

mulattos

mixed european and african ancestry

who are at the bottom of the latin america social pyramid?

indians and africans

which groups were expected to provide labor (spanish mit’a)?

anything under the creoles in the social pyramid (mestizos, mulattos, indians/africans)

how did the peninsulares politically oppress the creoles?

by not giving them the important offices

what are the peninsulares also known as?

viceroys

the two groups the spanish crown kept seperated

‘republic de indios’ (amerindians) and ‘republica de espanoles’ (spanish and creoles)

differences in the different republics formed

each republic had its own laws, races seperate in terms of marriage, jobs, etc., castes (sociedad de castas) develop quickly

how does voodoo fit criteria for a syncretic belief?

enslaved africans blended their own beliefs with church rituals as well

pueblo revolts (1670s)

cause: the spanish governor of new mexico ordered several pueblo holy men executed and publicly whipped, it was successful as the revolt kept the spanish out of new mexico

where did songhai expand their territory to?

the niger river

where is songhai located?

towards the east

what were songhai’s two important leaders?

sunni ali and askia muhammad

sunni ali

saw mali was weak so he led an attack to conquer the are, founder of songhai

askia muhammad

overthrew sunni ali, muslim so converts songhai, creates new set of islamic laws, helps re-establish trade with north african kingdoms, restore prestige to timbuktu, complex government centered in gao

decline of songhai

morocco invaded because they want access to their salt and gold mines, morocco used arquebus and songhai didn’t have technology to beat them

what was wrong about moroccan rule in songhai?

the arma were not organized and they changed trade ports to port cities

where is benin located?

towards the south

what’s another term for king?

oba

what did benin trade with the portuguese (1480s)?

pepper, animal skins, ivory, brass and slaves

significance of benin trade with portuguese

begins centuries of europe interference in africa

what did portugal introduce to benin?

manioc (cash crop), its drought resistant and caloric

vasco de gama

finds a route to india

kongo kingdom (west)

king afonso mvemba comes (converts to christianity), wars of conquest added to territory (power not profit), slaves become product for trade

what vasco de gama found when reaching mozambique

intelligent businessmen and ship captains, they are advanced in using compass and navigational charts, people dressed with gold and silk

swahili living styles

some lived in small towns while others lived in large and wealthy city-states

portugal response to what vasco de gama finds

sail heavily armed ships to coast, any town that resisted was destroyed, in control for 100 years

imam sultan bin saif

recaptures muscat from portuguese in 1650

omani empire

ejects portuguese from zanzibar and from all other coastal regions north of mozambique

zanzibar

becomes main slave market of east african coast

europeans that laid claims to land in indian ocean

spain, dutch, and portuguese

result of omani empire controlling trade from east africa and persian gulf

no european trade with east africa

gunpowder empire

large, centralized states that rose between 15th and 16th centuries, characterized by military success and expansion through use of gunpowder weapons

rise of ottoman empire

begins with small tribes in anatolia uniting, mehmed II strengthen navy and increased artillery, expansion through mobility and firepower, istanbul gives ottomans control to major trade center

mehmed ii

founder of the ottoman empire, conquered constantinople after long siege, renamed constantinople ‘istanbul’ (new capital)

rise of safavid empire

decline of a previous empire left power vacuum, ismail becomes shah of iran after military victory over turkic rival

ismail

founder of safavid empire, descendant of sufi leader so safavid empire has roots in sufism

suleiman the magnificent

reigned during ottoman golden age, codification of empire’s laws, formed alliances with europe

abbas the great

reigned during safavid golden age, reformed/modernized military, supported architecture, calligraphy and literature

decline in safavid empire

military and land losses to ottomans, decline in silk road, russian expansion

babur

founder of the mughal empire after defeating delhi sultanate

akbar (1556-1605)

grandson of babur, reigned during mughal golden age, military expansion, religious lenience

aurangzeb (1658-1707)

war elephants, mughal ruler, hindu backlash

ottoman-safavid conflicts

ottomans are sunni, safavid are shia, war solidified borders

janissaries

paid good salaries, disciplined, allowed to use firearms, bodyguards

taxation in ottoman empire

timar system (money/land for military service), shipping ports, jizya (for non-muslims), children surrendered (devshirme)

mughal-safavid war (1649-1653)

mughals are sunni, safavid are shia, shah jahan of mughals want to expand into safavid territory

keys to a gunpowder empire

religion to unite people, tax, monumental/architectural art, bureaucratic elites/military professionals

roxalana

enslaved in ottoman empire, became favorite of suleiman the magnificent, ran empire while he was away on military campaigns

reformation

protestants split off of catholic church

three problems of the church

simony, nepotism, indulgences

simony

buying/selling of church offices

nepotism

practice of favoritism, giving church positions to family members

indulgences

selling pardons for sins, forgiveness for money (some places allowed for pre-purchase)

pope leo x (1513-1521)

italian, medici, goal: build biggest church (st. peter’s basilica), support art, sell lots of indulgences, rich and threw lots of parties (not liked and drinking is a sin)

martin luther

lived life of sin in early life, became monk, led the protestant reformation, wrote 95 theses, beliefs: sola fide and sola scriptura, translated bible into german

95 theses

martin luther’s way of asking if the church teachings are right, nailed on door of church (the church gets really angry)

diet of worms

condemns martin luther and makes him an outlaw, puts bounty on him

lutheran

followers of martin luther, breaks away from catholic church after martin luther’s death

anglican church

formed by henry viii because he wants to annul catherine (his really catholic wife)

calvinists

started by john calvin, belief: predestination (you know where you go before born), outlaws: music, bright colors having fun (very depressing)

anabaptists

led by ulrich zwingli, belief: adult baptism, pacifists, persecuted by protestants and catholics

thirty years war

between protestants and church, devastating for europe, peace of augsburg leads to thirty years war

papal bull

excommunicated from church, tells martin luther to turn himself in, martin luther burns it, holy roman emperor (charles v) issues a death warrant

catholic reformation

goals: spread catholicism and stop protestantism, order of jesuits (founded by ignatius loyola, jesuits super buff)

council of trent (1543-1563)

group of catholics, goal: how to fix the church, affirms catholic doctrine, create index of books against teachings, indulgences continue (and later be banned)

inquisition

stop heresy (against church teachings) and use judges throughout europe (punishment for questioning church)

frederick the wise

german prince who takes martin luther in when he was an outlaw, upset about money sent from german church because it was used to fund fancy italian churches and the pope’s fancy life

hongwu (ming dynasty)

first emperor of the ming dynasty by commanding a rebel army that drove the mongols out of china

how hongwu supported a large population

tax collection system (silver), increase food production, improving irrigation, restored civil-based service

zheng he

admiral who made 7 voyages to more than 16 countries across china and japan, they dismantled his fleet after he died

what chinese items are most sought out?

silk (through peasant labor) and ceramic

how did merchants improve status?

use their profits to purchase lands

‘the forbidden city’

great palace complex built in beijing, no commoners/foreigners allowed

foreign policies in ming dynasty

only government able to conduct foreign trade through only three coastal ports

birth of qing dynasty

the manchus (jurchen) conquered the ming and renamed their dynasty the qing dynasty

manchu hairstyle

queue (shaved front, long braid in back)

what was the only european country allowed to trade with the japan?

the dutch

problems the manchu faced

farmland became sacrace, begin to neglect public works, peasant rebellions (losing mandate of heaven), resent control by foreigners

west and their interactions with qing

westerners seen as barbaric, only allowed to trade in south china, westerners did not like tribute system, europeans want: tea, open chinese markets, access to more regions in china

tokugawa

emerged as a new shogun after long civil war, structured society, rural to urban

what happened to kamakura shogunate?

daimyo took control of the land

salaried samurai

cultivate military and civil arts, establish schools, patron of the arts

‘closed country policy’ in japan

strong leaders of japan did not like the introduction of european ways