Dog Cat exam 2

common abdominal hernias:

• umbilical

• inguinal

• diaphragmatic

• peritoneal-pericardial

• scrotal

• perineal

• hiatal

strangulation

entrapment of viscera and obstruction of blood supply

incarceration

contents are irreducible and contraction of scar tissue at hernia ring may result in delayed signs ± strangulation

simple hernia treatment:

• may spontaneously close

• surgery

complicated hernia

hernia with GI signs

complicated hernia treatment:

• full exlap

• check intestinal viability

inguinal hernia treatment:

• surgery with ventral midline incision

diaphragmatic hernia is usually caused by _____

trauma

radial tear

tear of caval foramen of diaphragm

circumferential tear

tear of pars sternalis of diaphragm

peritoneo-pericardial diaphragmatic hernia

communication between abdomen and pericardium

cells of stratum corneum are suspended in lipids comprised of…

nonpolar lipids, ceramides, free fatty acids, and cholesterol

lamellar bodies are synthesized in…

stratum spinosum

lamellar bodies secrete and store…

lipids

desmosomes

major cell adhesion molecule

3 desmosome families:

• cadherins

• plakins

• armadillo proteins

hemidesmosomes

attach epidermis to dermis

dogs and cats have a _________ hair follicle arrangement

compound

hair cluster consists of…

2-5 guard hairs surrounded by smaller secondary hairs

anagen phase

hair growth

catagen phase

transitional period

telogen phase

resting period

what sweat glands are not found on footpads or nasal planum?

• sebaceous gland

• epitrichial sweat glands

what sweat glands are found on the footpads?

atrichial

SCRATCH acronym for pruritic animal:

• S- severity

• C- contagion

• R- response to previous therapy

• A- affected areas

• T- timeline

• C- conditions

• H- hereditary

what are the common distributions of lesions and pruritus associated with atopic dermatitis and food allergy?

• paws

• inguinal region

• axillary region

• ears

• muzzle

what are the common distributions of lesions and pruritus associated with sarcoptic mange?

• ears

• hocks

• elbows

• abdominal region

what are the common distributions of lesions and pruritus associated with demodectic mange?

• paws

• multifocal areas around body

what are the common distributions of lesions and pruritus associated with flea bite hypersensitivity?

• neck

• dorsum

• inguinal region

what are the common distributions of lesions and pruritus associated with malassezia dermatitis?

• paws

• mouth

• axillary region

• perineum

• eyes

pruritus onset at < 6 months old likely etiology is:

• parasitic

• food

pruritus onset at 6 months-3 years old likely etiology is:

• parasitic

• food

• environment

pruritus onset at >5 years old likely etiology is:

• parasitic

• food

• infectious

causes of non or variable pruritus onset in young dog:

• infections

• parasites

• fungal

• juvenile cellulitis in dogs

• hereditary scaling disease

• hereditary follicular disease

• hereditary subepidermal blistering diseases

causes of non pruritic onset in middle aged dog:

• endocrine diseases

• immune mediated diseases

causes of non pruritic onset older dog:

• immune mediated diseases

• metabolic disease

• endocrine diseases

• neoplasia

macule

well circumscribed non-palpable area od color change less than 1 cm diameter

patch

well circumscribed nonpalpable area of color change more than 1 cm

plaque

solid elevation more than 1 cm in diameter

diascopy

press clear slide against erythematous area of skin to see if it blanches with pressure

papule

solid elevation less than 1 cm in diameter

pustule

small, well circumscribed area within the epidermis that can be filled with neutrophils or eosinophils

vesicle

small area within or below epidermis less than 1 cm diameter and filled with clear fluid

bulla

blister > 1 cm diameter

nodule

solid elevation more than 1 cm in diameter that extends into deeper tissue layers

tumor

large mass in skin or SQ

alopecia

partial to complete hair loss

scale

accumulation of loose fragments consisting of horny layer of skin

follicular cast

accumulation of keratin on hair shaft

fronds

multiple hairs together surrounded by casts in paintbrush appearance

crust

adherence of dried exudate containing serum, blood, pus, or scales

comedone

dilated hair follicle filled with corneocytes and sebaceous material

epidermal collarette

shallow scaly ring

erosion

shallow epidermal defect

excoriation

erosion secondary to self trauma

ulcer

full thickness loss of epidermis revealing underlying dermis

lichenification

thickening of skin resulting in exaggerated skin surface appearance

callus

thickened skin associated with pressure points

fissure

linear cleavage of epidermis

severe cases of otitis should be pretreated with…

corticosteroids

causes of otitis externa:

moist brown ear discharge =

yeast or staph

coffee ground ear discharge =

mites

creamy yellow ear discharge =

gram - organisms

waxy, greasy ear discharge =

• hypersensitivity

• glandular disease

• disorders of keratinization

____% of ear tumors in cats are malignant

87.5

what is the most common ear tumor in cat?

ceruminous gland adenocarcinoma

____% of ear tumors in dogs are malignant

60%

sarcoptes signs:

• highly contagious

• pruritus (not always seen)

cheyletiella spp diagnosis:

skin scrape or tape prep

lice signs:

• mild to moderate pruritus

• alopecia

• scales

• crust

demodex canis signs:

• papulopustular dermatitis

• alopecic macules to patches

• erythematous dermatitis

• hyperpigmented patches/comedones

• scaling dermatosis

• pododemodicosis

demodex injai signs:

• seborrheic dermatitis

• common on dorsal lumbar region

short bodied demodex of dog

morphological variant of d canis that causes it to be 50% the length of d canis

demodex cati signs:

• variably pruritic ptachy, lopecia, and crusting

• periocular, head, neck, ears

demodex gatoi signs:

• erythema, excoriations, scaling, and crusting

• head, neck, elbows, flanks, ventrum, rear legs

demodex gatoi diagnosis:

• superficial skin scrape

• acetate tape

• SAF fecal fixation and centrifugation

demodex gatoi and cati treatment:

• lime sulfur

• ELDU: fluralaner, selamectin

localized demodicosis treatment:

• reduce stress

• benzoyl peroxide shampoo

generalized demodicosis

more than 5 affected regions or more than 50% involvement in single region or pododemodicosis

generalized demodicosis is treated for __ months after negative scrape

2

what is treatment of choice for generalized demodicosis

isoxazolines (fluralaner/sarolaner/lotilaner/alfoxolaner)

surface pyoderma signs:

• erythema

• superficial exudation and erosions in absence of pustules and collarettes

bacterial overgrowth syndrome (BOG) signs:

• erythema

• lichenification

• hyperpigmentation

• malodorous greasy seborrhea

• excoriation

• alopecia

2/3 of BOG is caused by ________

allergy

what is the most common form of skin infection in dog?

superficial bacterial folliculitis

superficial bacterial folliculitis signs:

• erythematous papules

• pustules

• epidermal collarettes

• crusts

• alopecia

67% of patients with recurrent pyoderma had _______________ as underlying etiology

allergic dermatitis

when is bacterial culture needed for pyoderma?

1. when long term treatment will be needed

2. rods on cytology

3. <50% reduction in extent of lesions after 2 weeks of systemic therapy\

4. new lesions are occurring

5. poorly responsive cases

6. history of drug resistance

7. history of recurrent infections

the most common methicillin resistant staphylococcus species are…

• staphylococcus pseudintermedius

• staphylococcus schleiferi

methicillin resistant staphylococcus have what gene?

mecA

how can mecA be detected?

• mecA PCR

• penicillin binding protein 2a

what coagulase negative staphylococcus is clinically important?

staphylococcus schleiferi

staphylococcus coagulans is coagulase +/-

-

what fungal diseases affect skin, hair, claws?

• dermatophytosis

• malassezia dermatitis

• candidiasis

what fungal diseases affect skin and subcutis?

• sporotrichosis

• dermatophytic pseudomycetoma

• eumycotic mycetoma

• phaeohyphomycosis

• pythiosis

• lagenidiosis

• zygomycosis

what fungal diseases affect internal organs with hematogenous spread to skin?

• cryptococcosis

• blastomycosis

• coccidiomycosis

• histoplasmosis

common causes of dermatophytosis:

• microsporum canis

• microsporum gypseum

• trichophyton mentagrophytes complex

dermatophytosis pathogenesis:

• arthrospores infective and adhere strongly to keratin

• trauma/mechanical disruption of skin facilitates penetration

• fungal hyphae invade hair follicle of anagen hairs and migrate downwards

• fungal metabolic by-products incite an inflammatory reaction, including folliculitis which may lead to furunculosis (rupture of hair follicle)

• type IV hypersensitivity

dermatophytosis signs in dogs:

• classic annular lesion

• patchy alopecia, erythema, scale, crust

• folliculitis and furunculosis

• kerion