key words unit 2 cells as living systems bio

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32 Terms

1

cell

The basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms, capable of performing all life processes.

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2

cell wall

A rigid outer layer that provides structure and protection to plant cells, fungi, and some bacteria.

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3

cell/plasma membrane

The semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell, regulating the movement of substances in and out.

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4

central vacuole

A large, membrane-bound organelle found in plant cells that stores nutrients, waste products, and helps maintain turgor pressure.

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5

centrioles

Cylindrical structures involved in cell division, found in animal cells, that help organize the mitotic spindle.

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6

chloroplast

An organelle found in plant cells that conducts photosynthesis, converting sunlight into chemical energy.

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7

cilia

Hair-like structures that extend from the surface of some cells, used for movement or sensing the environment.

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8

contractile vacuole

A specialized organelle found in some protozoa and unicellular organisms that helps regulate water balance by expelling excess water.

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9

cytoplasm

The gel-like substance within the cell membrane that contains organelles and is the site of many cellular processes.

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10

cytoplasm

The gel-like fluid that fills the cell, providing a medium for organelles and facilitating biochemical reactions.

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11

cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that provides structural support, shape, and organization to the cell, and is involved in cell movement and division.

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12

endoplasmic reticulum (smooth/rough)

A membranous organelle involved in the synthesis of proteins (rough) and lipids (smooth), and plays a role in detoxification and calcium storage.

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13

eukaryote

An organism whose cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, including animals, plants, fungi, and protists.

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14

eyespot

A light-sensitive structure found in some unicellular organisms, such as algae, that helps them detect light and navigate toward it.

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15

flagella

Long, whip-like structures that enable cellular movement in some eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

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16

golgi apparatus

A cell organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

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17

lysosome

A membrane-bound organelle that contains digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris.

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18

mitochondria

Double-membrane organelles known as the powerhouse of the cell, where ATP is produced through cellular respiration.

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19

multicellular

Organisms composed of many cells that work together to perform functions.

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20

nucleolus

A dense structure within the nucleus responsible for ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosome assembly.

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21

organ

A group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function in an organism.

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22

organelle

Specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct functions, such as energy production and protein synthesis.

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23

phospholipid bilayer

A double layer of phospholipids that forms the basis of cell membranes, providing a barrier to the passage of ions and molecules.

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24

plasmid

A small, circular piece of DNA found in bacteria that can replicate independently of chromosomal DNA, often used in genetic engineering.

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25

prokaryote

A single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, exemplified by bacteria.

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26

pseudopod

A temporary, foot-like extension of a cell used for movement and feeding, commonly found in amoebas and certain white blood cells.

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27

ribosome

A cellular structure made of RNA and proteins that synthesizes proteins by translating messenger RNA.

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28

tissue

A group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function in an organism.

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29

unicellular

Organisms composed of a single cell that carry out all life processes independently.

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30

vacuoles

Membrane-bound sacs within a cell that store substances such as nutrients, waste products, or water.

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31

vesicles

Small membrane-bound sacs that transport materials within a cell.

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32
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