Perspectives on Living Systems

Biology concepts

________ and principles have explained the operations within the physicality and materiality of living systems.

Greek philosophers

________ were known for their eloquent explanations on their observations, hypotheses, and conclusions about the world and Man.

Monastic schools

________ were important in terms of education, governance, and practical applications of astronomy and medicine.

literature cultures

In ________, knowledge was stored and transmitted through written accounts.

Elders

________ play roles in the creation, recording, and teaching of knowledge for the survival of the tribe.

IKSP

________ affects the early people's form of art and oral literature, as well as all other aspects of their life.

sole interpreter

The Church was the ________ of the Holy Texts, and the arbiter of the appropriate knowledge and its uses.

Dutch

In the late 16th century, ________ optician Hans Jansen and his son Zacharias invented the compound microscope.

Ptolemy

________ (astronomer, mathematician, and geographer) wrote a treatise on optics in the 2nd century CE.

ideology

The Church were influential in terms of territory and ________.

Transmutation of Life

The Theory on ________ → was raised by Lamarck in the early 1800s.

reductive study of organism

A(n) ________ + development of specialized equipment= a powerful and effective means for analysis.

William Harvey →

________ became the first to describe the full circulation of blood through the human body in the early 17th century.

GREEK PHILOSOPHERS

History of Biology → traces the beginnings of abstract scientific thought to ________.

Ancestors (tribes, oral tradition)

> a time when there was no written word, ORAL TRADITION

Influences their knowledge of geography and climate (allows them to read "signs" from nature

such as wind, animal behavior, etc

The priestly class were the sole interpreters of the gods' desires

> they had exclusive access to stored knowledge as they were the only ones authorized to interpret them

SUMERIANS AND THEIR KNOWLEDGE OF BIOLOGY (4500

1750 BCE)

"The "demon" idea really was scientifically sound, in this sense

In the absence of a scientific canon, all ancient civilizations sought to fathom the workings of the universe in some other manner."

GREEK PHILOSOPHERS AND THEIR THEORIES (800

300 BCE)

Their lectures have been expanded through the centuries because Greek philosophical inquiry resonated with the most important questions of human existence

What is man

Thus, knowledge (and its interpretation) were prescribed only by the ruling class

the monarchies, and the Church

This exposed European scholars and scribes to other understandings of the history of the Earth, natural sciences, and philosophy beyond the constraints of the Church

> RESURGENCE of interest in gaining knowledge in Europe

THE EUROPEAN ENLIGHTENMENT

THE HYPOTHETICO-DEDUCTIVE METHOD AND DEMOCRATIZING KNOWLEDGE

Biology

Reflects our efforts to answer the questions we have

Biology

Reflects how we figured out the means of answering them + the answers we have given

Oral Tradition

Knowledge of the environment was gained through Systematic Observations

Elders

Esteemed for their knowledge. The more knowledgeable elders are required to perform special roles.

The Storyteller

Passes down the stories, myths, and legends of the tribe and records and stores these events

The Hunter

Has the knowledge of wildlife

The Gatherer

Has the knowledge of fruits, animals, and herbs + their uses

The Farmer

Has the knowledge of the seasons + the signs of the wind and sky

Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices

Traditional knowledge passed on through traditional means through generations

Biocultural Knowledge

The intimate knowledge of the interplay among elements in local living systems

The Priestly Class

Were the sole interpreters of the gods' desires. They had exclusive access to stored knowledge as they were the only ones authorized to interpret them

Literacy

Allowed for the expansion of collective knowledge

William Harvey

Became the first to describe the full circulation of blood through the human body in the early 17th century

Ptolemy

Discussed the phenomena of magnification and refraction

Marcello Malpighi

Was the first to describe the inner layer of the skin (Malpighian), the papillae of the tongue, the outer part of the cerebral area of the brain (Cortex) and the red blood cells

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Discovered in 1675 the ANIMALCULES

Jan Swammerdam

Was highly educated in medicine and placed his attention to microscopical studies

Nehemiah Grew

One of the founders of plant anatomy

Robert Hooke

Published Micrographia, a review of a series of observations he had made following the development and improvement of the microscope + Coined the term "CELLS"