Physiology Exam 1

What helps the human body accomplish things?

coordinated changes in ion distributions

What are the levels of blooms taxonomy that we need to master?

remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating

What is the first critical equation?

ATP --> ADP + Pi + energy

What is the second critical equation?

Glucose + O2 + ADP + Pi -> ATP + CO2 + H2O + heat

What is the third critical equation?

CO2 + H2O <---> HCO3- + H+

What can critical equation 3 be problematic?

it changes the pH to be more acidic (so trade offs)

What does critical equation 2 help us do?

maintain our body temperature

What is critical equation 4?

PV = nRT

What is homeostasis?

relatively stable maintenance of a bodies parameters (dynamic constancy)

What is set point?

goal range that is influenced by genetics, biorhythms, and the environment

What is steady state considered?

maintaining set point

What are homeostatic control systems?

interconnected components that work together to keep set point (maintain steady state)

What are the consequences of homeostatic control systems?

at steady state the system is not changing so energy is required to keep it at steady state (not equilibrium)

What is equilibrium?

at state at which there is no energy input

What is movement away from steady state considered?

a disturbance

What is positive feedback?

feedback that continues the disturbance

What is negative feedback?

feedback that opposes the disturbance

What is feedforward?

anticipatory response to limit the amount of disturbance

What is the order of the reflex template for negative feedback?

stimulus, x altered, sensor/receptor, integrating center, effectors, compensatory response, x restored

What is the order of the reflex template for positive feedback?

stimulus, x altered, sensor/receptor, integrating center, effectors, compensatory response, x further altered

What is the order of the reflex template for feedforward?

integrating center, effectors, compensatory response, x is pre-altered, stimulus, x altered

What are biorhythms?

pattern to the variation of a controlled variable (parameter)

What are biorhythms based on?

feedforward mechanisms

What do biorhythms do?

they repeat themselves over and over again based on the SP pattern of changing

How often do biorhythms repeat themselves?

scale of one day (circadian)

Even with the same rhythm/pattern all biorhythms still look ____?

different

Biorhythms are ______?

proactive

What is an adaptation?

change in genetics

What is acclimatization/acclimate?

change in set point and range

Is acclimatization reversible?

yes, unless it is developmental acclimatization with is a change in outward appearance or contamination

What is direct intercellular communication?

requires physical contact

What are the three types of direct intercellular communication?

gap junctions, tunneling nanotubes, juxtacrines

What are gap junctions?

short channels between the cells that are narrow

What are tunneling nanotubes?

big, long, really small tubes that connect the cells (wider than gap junctions)

What are juxtacrines?

can connect and disconnect (like handshake)

transient protein connections between membranes