BIOL 207 EXAM 2

Patients or healthcare staff that stay longer in the hospital may be prone to one of the following nosocomial conditions most likely ___.

Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)

Streptococcus and Staphylococcus produce antiphagocytic factors such as_____ to kill phagocytes outright

Leukocidins

Which of the following are exoenzymes?

A. Coagulase and Lipopolysaccharide

B. peptidoglycan and Mucinase

C. Coagulase and Mucinase

D. Hemolysin 

C. Coagulase and Mucinase

A leaky gut condition may be associated with ____?

A. Obesity

B. Type-2 diabetes 

C. Insulin Resistance 

D. All the above 

D. All the above 

Breastfeeding is recommended for many reasons. One of the pressing findings is that breast milk provides some normal biota involved in the metabolism of ________________present in mom's milk in abundance

Human milk oligosaccharides

A vaginally delivered baby is colonized with _______________within 8-12 hours of delivery.
A. Staphylococci
B. Streptococci
C. Lactobacilli
D. All the above

D. All the above

What gut indigenous flora shows connection to the brain functions, particularly in babies?

Bifidobacterium infantis

Dysbiosis with regard to health management refers to

Imbalanced microbiota and illness

Which of the following body sites is/are generally not colonized by known normal biota?
A. GI Tract
B. external genitalia
C. body skin
D. heart & kidneys

Heart and kidneys

Microbiome is the study of ______genomes to identify ______flora of an individual.

Microbial; indigenous

UV light in the germicidal lamps is very effective in disinfection because of its lethal effects on microbial DNA by

Forming thymine dimers 

Which equipment would be best to sterilize the culture media, surgical scalpels, scissors, glassware, lab coat?
A. bunsen burner
B. hot air furnace
C. autoclave
D. incinerator

Autoclave

Beverages like wine, orange juice, milk, or beer can be best disinfected by?

Pasturization

Permanent loss of reproductive capability of organisms, even under optimum growth conditions, is called

Death

The use of iodine or hydrogen peroxide compounds to prepare the skin for surgery is known as

Antisepsis

The complete removal or destruction of all viable microorganisms from inanimate objects is achieved by

Sterilization

One of the following methods causes the destruction or removal of vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores and is commonly used on inanimate objects. This is______________
A. Disinfection
B. Antisepsis
C. Sanitization
D. Sterilization

A. Disinfection

Trace metals such as Fe, Cu, Zn or Mn are essential for the microorganisms because they function as

Cofactors of enzymes

What pathways produces maximum ATPs?

Aerobic respiration

What is the key enzyme involved in initiating transcription?

RNA polymerase

Which is the first phase of cellular respiration that produces pyruvate and some gain in ATP?
A. Fermentation
B. Krebs cycle
C. Glycolysis
D. Electron transport chain

C. Glycolysis

What is true about enzymes?
A. they are proteins
B. They seed up metabolic reactions
C. they are not consumed themselves in reactions
D. they are precisely specific to their substrates
E. all of the above

E. All the above

What is true about DNA replication?
A. Continuous DNA synthesis occurs at the Leading strand
B. DNA synthesis always occurs in the 5' to 3' direction
C. Okazaki fragments are synthesized at the lagging strand
D. all the above

D. All the above 

The triplet codes carried by the messenger RNA correspond to specific ________.

Amino acids

The time interval going from a single bacterial parent cell to two new daughter cells is called the ________.

Generation time

The synthesis of mRNA on the template of DNA is called

Transcription

The most serious and harmful mutation is a type of ________.

Frameshift mutation

The genome of yeasts may include
A. plasmid genes
B. mitochondrial genes
C. chromosome genes
D. all the above

D. All the above 

The energy currency molecule, ATP is made up of

Ribose sugar + adenine + 3P

The duplication of a cell's DNA is called ________.

Replication

The central dogma depicts the flow of genetic information in the following direction

DNA --> RNA --> Protein

The ________ is the sum total of the genetic materials of a cell.

Genome

The RNA molecules that carry amino acids to the ribosomes during translation/protein synthesis are called

Transfer RNA

The Krebs cycle wheel in the cellular respiration starts with a 2-C compound___________

Acetyl co-A

The DNA repair mechanism that removes the incorrect bases and replaces them with correct bases added is called ________.

Excision repair

Semiconservative replication refers to ________.

An original parent DNA strand and one newly synthesized DNA strand comprising a new DNA molecule

Products of microbial fermentation may include
A. organic acids
B. ethanol and CO2
C. acetone and other solvents
D. vitamins
E. all of the above

E. All the above

Okazaki fragments are stitched to the growing end of the lagging strand by ________.

DNA ligases

Obligate parasites are those that

Grow on only living organisms

Nirenberg, Khorana & Holley were awarded the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology & Medicine for their discovery of

Triplet genetic code

In aerobically respiring microbes, electrons are finally accepted by__________, which functions as an electron sink

Molecular oxygen

Helicase is the enzyme required in DNA replication, particularly for________.

unzipping the DNA helix

Electron Transport Chain is missing in

Fermenting organisms

Each nucleotide in DNA polynucleotide chain is composed of ________.

One phosphate, one nitrogenous base, and one sugar

Each ________ is a specific segment of the DNA with the code for production of one functional product.

Gene

During replication, each parent DNA strand serves as a ________ for synthesis of new DNA strands.

Template

DNA polymerase III is the enzyme that ________.

Adds new bases and proofreads new DNA

Apoenzyme is the bulk ___________ fraction of a conjugated (holo) enzyme

Protein

Anabolism and catabolism constitute the sum of reactions in a cell known as

Metabolism

An organism that cannot tolerate an oxygen environment is a(n) ________.

Obligate anaerobe

An organism that cannot grow without oxygen is a(n) _____.

Obligate aerobe

Aerobic & anaerobic: both types of cellular respiration involve
A. glycolysis
B. Krebs cycle
C. electron transport chain
D. fermentation
E. a, b, c, only

E. A, B, C, only

A point mutation that changes a normal codon to a stop codon is called a ____.

Nonsense mutation

A permanent, inheritable change in the gene is called _____.

Mutation

What alters the base but does not change the amino acid?

Silent mutation

The expression of certain traits (structures or functions); all organisms contain more genes in their genotypes than are manifested in the phenotype at any given time.

Phenotype

The sum total of genetic materials present in a cell constitute a

Gemone

A chemical group consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms.

Phosphate

The strand of DNA that is synthesized continuously during replication.

Leading strand

A sequence of three nucleotides in tRNA that is complementary to a codon in mRNA.

Anticodon

A large, complex enzyme that directs the conversion of DNA into RNA.

RNA polymerse

AUG, the codon that initiates translation.

Start codon

UGA, UAG, UAA, codons that signal the termination of translation.

Stop codon

Building blocks of proteins that are transferred by tRNA to ribosomes.

Amino acids

Shows variance in one or more characteristics such as morphology, nutritional characteristics, genetic control mechanisms, resistance to chemicals, or temperature preference.

Mutant strain 

Result from exposure to known mutagens (physical or chemical agents) that disrupt DNA.

Induced mutation

Occurs when one or more bases are inserted into or deleted from a DNA strand, changing the reading frame of mRNA.

Frameshift mutation

Chemicals that inhibit fungal growth

Fungitastic

Component of an autoclave that ensures safe operation

Safety valve

Agents that can be used to disinfect or sterilize surfaces and materials

Chemical control agents 

Achieved through the coagulation and denaturation of proteins

Microbicidal effect of moist heat

Processes that can be interrupted by agents affecting protein synthesis.

Cellular synthetic processes

Agents such as drugs that target only a single cellular component

Selective agents 

The practice of applying antiseptics to prevent infection

Antiseptics

Substances that can inhibit the action of disinfectants and heat

Inhibitors

The process of reducing the number of microorganisms to a safe level

Sanitization

Chemical agents that prevent the growth of bacteria on tissues or objects.

Bacteristatic

The destruction of bacterial endospores.

Sterilization process goal

Chemical agents capable of destroying spores.

Sterilants

Less resistant than most gram-negative bacteria.

Gram-positive bacteria