December PPE Revision - Cold War 1945-63

What were the 6 effects of the Korean War?

• Economic pressure on the USSR causing Stalin to rapidly industrialise Eastern Europe

• Taiwan was guaranteed US protection

• The US was committed to supporting any country that were resisting communism (global containment) according to NSC-68

• Militarisation of western Europe

• Rearmament of West Germany

• Deepened Cold War tensions/uncertainties in Europe

When did Eisenhower become president?

Jan, 1953

Who were Eisenhower’s 2 Secretary of States?

• John Foster Dulles (1953-59)

• Christian Herter (1959-61)

What theory concerning containment did Eisenhower develop?

The domino theory

What were the three strands of Eisenhower’s New Look Policy?

• Rollback

• Massive Retaliation

• Brinkmanship

List 2 characteristics of Eisenhower’s New Look Policy:

• It was focused on bringing the Cold War to a successful conclusion, rather than simply containing communism

• It believed that peaceful/diplomatic methods were the means by which this would be accomplished, but they weren’t afraid to be aggressive and confrontational in pursuit of security for the USA and Western Europe

In what 2 ways did Eisenhower’s New Look Policy differ from Truman’s outlook?

• Reliance/emphasis on nuclear weapons

• Aggressive stance

When did Kennedy become president?

Jan, 1961

Who was Kennedy’s Secretary of State?

Dean Rusk

When did Stalin die?

5th March 1953

When did Khrushchev deliver his Secret Speech?

Feb, 1956

What did Khrushchev’s policy of de-Stalinisation aim to achieve without changing the structure of the communist system?

• Long-term political stability

• Economic growth

• Improved living conditions

What triggered the 1956 uprisings in Eastern Europe?

Khrushchev’s Secret Speech and policy of de-stalinisation

When was the Polish Uprising?

June - Oct, 1956

What were the demands and grievances of the rebels in Poland?

They demanded:

• More political freedom

• National sovereignity

Their grievances were:

• Wage cuts

• Poor working conditions

Who led the Polish Uprising?

Wladyslaw Golmulka

How did the Polish Rising end?

• Khrushchev conceded to Golmulka becoming First Secretary of Poland

• Force was not used

Why wasn’t force used in Poland?

• Golmulka’s placation of Moscow

• China’s support of the Polish Communist Party that was led by Golmulka

When was the Hungarian Uprising?

Oct - Nov, 1956

What were the 5 demands of the rebels in Hungary?

• Appointment of Imre Nagy as prime minister

• Withdrawal of Soviet troops from Hungary

• Freedom of speech

• Free press

• Multi-party elections

Who led the Hungarian uprising?

Imre Nagy

How many tanks and divisions of the Red Army surrounded Budapest in the Hungarian Uprising?

• 4,000 tanks

• 15 divisions

How many people were killed in the Hungarian Uprising?

4,000

When was the Geneva Conference?

1954

When was the Austrian State Treaty?

May 1955

What were the effects of the Austrian State Treaty?

• All occupying forces were withdrawn

• Austria was declared a neutral state

What was the significance of the Austrian State Treaty?

• Austria initially had the potential to become a major conflict in the Cold War, similar to Germany

• It was ‘Europe’s Korea’

• It was liable to be sucked into the soviet sphere of influence

• Showed serious intent towards mutual cooperation between cold war powers

When was the Geneva Summit?

Sep, 1955

Why was Khrushchev eager to organise a summit in 1955 (give 2 motivations)?

• A less confrontational relationship with the west would ensure that Khrushchev had the time and finances to deal with problems in the Soviet bloc

• The US were placing a large permanent force of troops in Western Europe as a preventative of a resurgence of German aggression as a result of the rearmament of the FRG and their admission to NATO

What were the 3 main topics discussed at the Geneva Summit?

• The future of Germany

• The ‘Open Skies’ proposal

• Nuclear disarmament

When was the Paris Summit?

May 1960

Why did the Paris Summit collapse?

Because of the U-2 Spy Plane Incident

Who was shot down in the U-2 spy plane incident?

Gary Powers

What did U-2 flights confirm in the arms race?

That Khrushchev was exaggerating Soviet nuclear capability and that the US were much more advanced than the USSR in this area

Who invented the 1st H-bomb and when was it successfully tested?

1) USA

2) 1952

Who developed the 1st ICBM and when was it developed?

1) The USSR

2) 1957

What was the Gaither Report and when was it commissioned?

1) The Gaither Report was a US government report concerning the military strength of the USSR in comparison to the USA

2) 1957

What concept did the Gaither Report present?

The concept of a missile gap between the USA and the USSR, with the USSR predicted to lead 100 to 30 in ICBMs.

When was Sputnik launched and what was it?

1) Oct 1957

2) The first satellite

When did the USA fail to launch a rocket?

6 Dec, 1957

When was NASA established?

1958

Who was the 1st man in space and when was he launched?

1) Yuri Gagarin

2) April 1961

What did Khrushchev desire through peaceful coexistence?

• A deal over Berlin

• An agreement to prohibit nuclear weapons in the Pacific

• A ban on nuclear weapons in Germany

When was SEATO?

Sep, 1954

When was the Warsaw Pact created?

1955

What was the Warsaw Pact?

• Soviet version of NATO

• Collective security strategy

What was the Hallstein Doctrine?

It was an declaration by the FRG that they would regard any recognition of the GDR as an unfriendly act and end all diplomatic relations with them.

How many citizens of the GDR fled the country during the migration crisis in the 1st half of 1961?

10,000

How many citizens of the GDR fled the country during the migration crisis in 1953?

300,000

Who persuaded Khrushchev to take action against the migration crisis in Berlin?

Walter Ulbritcht

When did work begin on the Berlin Wall?

13 Aug, 1961

When did Castro take power in Cuba?

1 January, 1959

Who did Castro overthrow to take Cuba?

Batista

When did the USSR offer economic and military aid to Cuba?

Feb 1960

When was the Bay of Pigs invasion?

April, 1961

When did Kennedy authorise Operation Mongoose?

Nov 1961

What was the aim of Operation Mongoose?

To destabilise and overthrow Castro’s regime through covert operations within Cuba, instigating an anti-Castro revolt from within Cuba

When and why did Khrushchev deploy Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba?

1) May 1962

2) Because Cuba could fall prey to a US attack, and would fall within a week

When was the Cuban Missile Crisis (days/month/year)?

14 - 28 October, 1962

What did Kennedy do when he was informed of the presence of Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba?

• Assembled ExComm

• Placed a naval blockade around Cuba to prevent more missiles being delivered to Cuba

• Prepared US bases for a possible military strike against Cuba

What were 5 effects of the Cuban Missile Crisis?

• Khrushchev withdrew Soviet nuclear weapons from Cuba

• Kennedy withdrew US nuclear weapons from Turkey

• The 1963 ‘hotline’ between the Kremlin and the Whitehouse

• The Moscow Test ban Treaty

• A move towards ‘detente’

What 2 key things in the space race happened in 1957?

• Sputnik 1

• Laika’s flight

What did Kennedy pledge in 1961?

To land a man on the moon by the end of the decade

What happened in 1963 in the space race?

1st woman in space (USSR)

Name 5 key events in the space race:

• Sputnik 1 (1957)

• Laika (1957)

• Explorer 1 (1958)

• Yuri Gagarin (1961)

• 1st woman in space (1963)

Who liberated Korea in 1945 and at what conference was it decided?

1) USA and USSR

2) The Potsdam Conference in 1945

Why did Stalin agree to free Korea?

To get concessions in Eastern Europe

Where did the two sides of Korea meet?

At the 38th Parallel

Who did the USSR pick to rule North Korea?

Kim Il Sung (abbreviated to Kim)

Who did the USA pick to rule South Korea?

Syngman Rhee (abbreviated to Rhee)

How did the USA enforce Rhee’s authority?

A national police

What is the quote about America by Robert Makin regarding the USA’s method of authority in other countries?

“The Americans go for a man rather than a movement.”

Why was South Korea struggling economically (give 2 reasons):

• Effects of WW2

• Mismanagement by the US occupying forces

How many Koreans died in border skirmishes from 1948-50?

100,000

What organisation did the USA set up to oversee Korean independence and when was it established?

• The United Nations Temporary Commission On Korea (UNTCOK)

• 1947

Why were elections in Korea only held in the South?

Because Stalin refused to allow UNTCOK to enter the North because Rhee’s supporters were not disqualified from elections

When was Rhee elected President and what did this entail (2 things)?

• 1948

• Republic of Korea (ROK) was formally declared

• The split between North and South became more final

What island rebelled against Rhee and how many lives were lost in the conflict?

• Cheju

• 60,000

How did Rhee deal with ‘subversive activities’?

By creating the new National Security Act

How many countries had men fighting in the Korean War?

24

When was America’s Defensive Perimeter Strategy defined?

January 1950

Who developed the Defensive Perimeter Strategy?

Dean Acheson

What country was the main priority of the USA according to the Defensive Perimeter Strategy?

Japan

What country was omitted from the Defensive Perimeter Strategy?

Korea

What happened on 25^th of June, 1950?

North Korea invaded without warning, sending 130,000 men into South Korea

Where did the communists aim for after the invasion and how long did it take them to overtake it?

1) Seoul

2) 3 days

What were the US able to do because the West believed that this would be a dangerous advancement of communism?

They were able to convince the UN to defend South Korea

How many nations sent men and who was in command?

1) 21 Nations
2) The USA

Where were the troops forced into, and how big was this space?

1) The Pusan Perimeter

2) 50mi²

Who was in charge of US troops?

General Douglas MacArthur

What partially justified the USA’s actions in Vietnam?

SEATO

When was SEATO created?

1954

What was SEATO and what did it stand for?

• Collective defence treaty (like NATO)

• South East Asia Treaty Organisation

What triggered the creation of SEATO?

The Sino-Soviet alliance (made in 1950, strengthened in 1953)

Why couldn’t Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia join SEATO?

Because of the Geneva Accords in 1954

What treaty recognised the sovereignty of the FRG and when and where was it signed?

• General Treaty

• 1952 in Bonn

Who signed the General Treaty of 1952 and what did it do?

• Britain, USA, France

• Recognised the sovereignty of the FRG and ended the occupation

What year was the Warsaw Pact created?

1955

What was the Warsaw Pact?

A collective defence treaty (like NATO and SEATO)

What triggered the creation of the Warsaw Pact?

The admission of the FRG to NATO