biol320-lab 8

what are the two major groups of lymphatic structures occur in connective tissues?

encapsulated lymph organs and diffuse lymphoid organs

what do the encapsulated lymph organs have?

lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen

which has a defined boundary that separates them from a connective tissue: encapsulated lymph organ or diffuse lymphoid organ? what is this boundary?

encapsulated organ; fibrous capsule

what is encased in a dense connective tissue capsule, are scattered throughout the lymphatic system with a high concentration in the upper limbs and in the axillary and cervical regions?

lymph nodes

what is the largest encapsulated lymphatic organ in the body, located lateral to the stomach, located on left upper side of abdominal cavity below the diaphragm?

spleen

what surrounds the spleen and protects the underlying tissue of red and white pulp?

capsule

the color of the red pulp of the spleen is due to?

blood that filters through

the color of the white pulp of the spleen is due to?

appears blue due to the lymphocyte nuclei stains

red or white pulp of spleen: free and fixed phagocytes in the pulp remove abnormal RBC and other antigens from the blood (entraps and destroys old erythrocytes)

red pulp

red or white pulp of spleen: upon exposure to the antigens, the lymphocytes of this pulp become sensitized to them and produce antibiotics to counteract them

white pulp

how does blood drain from the red pulp and empties into what?

blood drains from the sinuses of the red pulp to eventually empty into the splenic vein

the flow of lymph between lymph nodes and/or other lymphatic organs (spleen, tonsils, etc) relies largely on a combination of ______ muscular contraction and ___ ___ valves to prevent retrograde flow

skeletal; one-way

______ _______ are bean-shaped lymphatic organs connected by a vast network of lymphatic vessels

lymph nodes

what is the structure located within each lymph node that has an active center for B cells mitosis; also dendritic cells, phagocytic cells that make their way from the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, are closely associated with these structures?

lymph follicle

what captures antigens and brings them back to the lymph nodes?

dendritic cells

collections of lymphatic tissue associated with the inside of the throat, specifically located at the base of the tongue, back of mouth, and back of nasopharynx?

tonsils

what structure within the follicles of tonsils house proliferating B cells?

lighter stained germinal centers

which type of tonsil have several lymphoid nodules with numerous germinal centers?

palatine tonsils

the nodules of palatine tonsils are covered with what type of epithelium and invaginate at places into tonsillar crypts?

stratified squamous epithelium

initiates the development of immunocompetent T cells

thymus

does the thymus degenerates in adulthood?

yes

what is the diagnostic feature of the thymus and are sites that accumulate dead T cells, but are also involved in the development of regulatory T cells that help prevent autoimmune responses?

Hassall’s corpuscle

what is a cancer of the lymphatic system that if untreated and overgrows, can lead to the breakdown of both the splenic red and white pulp; chemotherapeutic advances have vastly improved the prognosis?

Hodgkin’s granuloma

what are characteristic of Hodgkin’s disease and are derived from B lymphocytes (considered crippled germinal center B cells), meaning they have NOT undergone hypermutation to express their antibody, they give the tissue a moth-eaten appearance?

Reed-Sternberg cells

what are these located in the duodenum?

brunner’s gland

what are these located in the ileum?

peyer’s patch

what is the skin of the lip covered with?

poorly keratinized and pigmented epithelium allowing circulating blood to show more extensively beneath the surface

what kind of glands are the labial glands?

seromucous salivary glands

clusters of encapsulated gustatory receptor cells located mostly on the surface of the tongue

taste buds

what is it called when the taste buds are concentrated on the surface of peg-like projections?

papillae

receptor cells for taste are?

gustatory epithelial cells

stem cells that divide to produce new gustatory epithelial cells

basal epithelial cells

part above the gum line (gingival margin) of teeth is called

crown

what is just above the alveolar margin

neck

imbedded below the alveolar margin

root

the outer surfaces of teeth are plated with what?

enamel

hardest tissue of the body-even harder than bone is?

enamel

what is below the enamel and is a thick layer which makes up the bulk of the tooth

dentin

what is dentine manufactured by which is similar to bone?

odontoblasts

soft inner core region containing the blood and nerve supply of the tooth?

pulp

what is the most anterior part of the gastrointestinal tract and uses peristaltic movement to transport swallowed food from the oral cavity to the stomach

esophagus

arrange these layers of the esophagus from inner to outer

luminal epithelium>muscularis mucosa>submucosa>muscularis externa

which layer of the esophagus is composed largely of loose connective tissue that is collagen rich and contains many of the neurovascular bundles that supply the mucosa

submucosa

what are the two layers of muscularis externa which comprises the bulk of musculature

circular layer and longitudinal layer

this layer has smooth muscle fibers that lie perpendicular to the long axis of the lumen

circular layer

this layer has muscle fibers that lie parallel to the lumen

longitudinal layer

the alternating contraction of what two layers leads to peristaltic movement

circular layer and longitudinal layer

which layers persist throughout much of the digestive tract

muscularis mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis externa

what is the fibrous connective tissue that anchors the esophagus to the surrounding tissue

adventitia

what is superficial to the masseter muscle on either side of the head

parotid salivary gland

what forms the substrate for blood vessels and nerves that ramify through the gland

septa (connective tissue)

what conveys saliva from the inside of the gland to the parotid duct which empties to the inner surface of the mouth

excretory ducts

exocrine ducts in the stomach wall from gastric glands that lead to the stomach lumen

gastric pits

contain exocrine epithelia that secrete mucus, gastric acid (hypochloric acid), intrinsic factor (needed for absorption of vitamin B12 in the terminal ileum), peptic cells that secrete pepsin (an enzyme that breaks down proteins into peptides) neuroendocrine cells, and some stem cells

gastric glands

most anterior part of the small intestine adjoined by the posterior stomach and receives gastric chyme upon stomach emptying; also can exocrine release site for gallbladder and pancreatic secretions and is an important absorptive luminal surface

duodenum

what produces a mucus-rich alkaline secretion in order to protect the duodenum from the acidic content of chyme, lubricate intestinal walls, and provide an alkaline condition for the intestinal enzymes to become active to enable absorption to take place

brunner’s glands

single-celled exocrine glands that secrete mucus

goblet cells

intestinal epithelium is made up of

simple columnar epithelial cells and goblet cells

intermediate segment of the small intestine functioning in absorption

jejunum

terminal portion of the small intestine and is the location for absorption of vitamin B12 bound to intrinsic factor

ileum

what marks the end of the ileum?

presence of the lymphatic tissue called peyer’s patches in the submucosa

what is the colon or large intestine divided into?

ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid regions

formation of feces progresses from the cecum to the rectum by

progressive absorption of water

this is the upper right quadrant of the abdominal cavity and is the largest interior organ of the body

liver

what cells of the liver make and secrete blood proteins, store glycogen, and release glucose from storage as well as catabolizing drugs and break-down products of metabolism?

hepatocytes

the liver also synthesizes bile acids that are conveyed by ducts into the ______ for storage and regulated release

gallbladder

what mediates the digestion of fat

bile acids from the gallbladder

what disease is marked by fibrous fatty deposits in the liver which slowly replaces healthy tissue with scar tissue which prevents the liver from functioning properly; usually results from chronic alcohol abuse; 12th leading cause of death by disease

cirrhosis

leads to liver cell destruction. is acute when it lasts less than 6 months and chronic when it persists longer; the type is determined by lab tests that assay for virus type specific surface antigens or host antibodies specific to virus type. viral infection of liver cells leads to activation of the immune system that results in inflammation and liver damage

hepatitis

what gland produces melatonin (regulates sleep-wake cycles)

pineal gland

what controls pituitary gland; links nervous and endocrine systems

hypothalamus

regulates activities of several other glands; links nervous and endocrine systems

pituitary gland

what glands controls body metabolism rate

thyroid gland

produces epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (cause physical arousal in response to danger, fear, anger, stress, and other strong emotions)

adrenal glands

regulates blood sugar and insulin levels; involved in hunger

pancreas

secrete estrogen and progesterone (regulate sexual development and reproduction, influence sexual behavior)

ovaries (female)

secrete testosterone (regulates sexual development and reproduction, influences sexual behavior

testes (male)

what is both an endocrine and exocrine gland

pancreas

what tissue in the pancreas synthesizes and secretes enzymes to digest food and bicarbonate that neutralizes the chyme (partially digested food from the stomach) after it is released into the duodenum

exocrine tissue

what are small clusters of endocrine cells called which are a mixture of many cell types including alpha and beta cells?

islets of langerhans

what secretes the hormone insulin in the pancreas

beta cells

what stimulates tissues to take up glucose (lower sugar)

insulin

what cells of the pancreas secrete glucagon?

alpha cells

what stimulates the liver to depolymerize glucose from glycogen and secrete glucose (raise blood sugar)

alpha cells

what gland contains follicular cells that produce the iodine-containing thyroid hormones thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine, T4) and triiodothyronine, T3) from the protein thyroglobulin

thyroid gland

what is stored as colloid in the thyroid follicles

thyroglobulin

what cells of the thyroid gland secrete the hormone calcitonin that lowers blood calcium levels (by antagonizing the action of parathyroid hormone) by inhibiting osteoclast activity and stimulating osteoblasts

parafollicular cells (C-cells)

being one of the largest glands, this is located on the anterior side of the neck as a bi-lobed structure that lies against and around the larynx and trachea; considered one of the most important endocrine glands as it has roles in metabolism, reproduction, growth, and nervous system development

thyroid gland

each follicle in the thyroid gland is a sphere with what epithelium surrounding a colloid filled center

simple cuboidal epithelium

where is thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) secreted from and where is it transported to? then what does it release

secreted from hypothalamus, transported to pituitary which releases thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) into the circulation

what does TSH bind to on the thyroid and what does it stimulate?

TSH binds to the TSH receptor (TSHR) on the thyroid and stimulates follicular cells that produce iodine-containing thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) from the protein thyroglobulin

what are the 4 small clusters of glandular tissue on the dorsal side of the thyroid gland which contain parathyroid cells that secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)

parathyroid glands

what does parathyroid hormone do?

increases blood calcium and stimulates osteoclast activity

what is at the top of the trachea and is a cartilaginous structure just inferior to the epiglottis and contains the vocal cords

larynx

what is the windpipe and is reinforced by rings of hyaline cartilage; conducts both inhalation and exhalation of air via lungs

trachea

what epithelium functions to move mucus along the inner laminal surface of the trachea?

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

what epithelium are alveoli lined with?

simple squamous epithelial tissue

what is the leading cause of emphysema (breakage and collapsing of alveoli causing progressive reduction of surface area for gas exchange and in turn the amount of oxygen that reaches your bloodstream; known as COPD)

smoking

what does pneumonia primarily affect?

alveoli due to inflammation of lungs

what is tuberculosis caused by

mycobacterium tuberculosis