23. canine vaccines

what are examples of mild adverse vaccine reactions?

• hair loss, hair color change at injection site

• lethargy, fever, soreness, stiffness

• refusal to eat

• conjunctivitis, sneezing

• oral ulcers

common to very common, transient

what are examples of moderate adverse vaccine reactions?

• transient immunosuppression — seen especially with combination of CDV/CAV vaccines in naive pups, leading to secondary infections

• facial edema — acute reaction, seen within hours

• allergic uveitis (blue eye) — not as common anymore; caused by CAV-1 in older vaccines

• others

uncommon to common (1 in 10,000 to 1 in 1,000)

what are examples of severe adverse vaccine reactions?

• vaccine injection site sarcomas

• anaphylaxis (type I hypersensitivity)

• hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD) - arthritis, polyarthritis

• dermatomyositis

• others

uncommon to rare

what is masticatory muscle myositis? what is its pathogenesis/clinical signs?

• autoimmune disease

• production of antibodies against 2M muscle fibers (type II hypersensitivity)

  • painful inflammation of muscles of head and jaw

  • difficult eating

  • loss of muscle mass

• can be triggered by vaccination

what is dermatomyositis?

• immune-mediated vasculopathy which has been linked to vaccination in genetically predisposed dogs

• type III hypersensitivity → Ag/Ab complex formation → lodge in capillaries

which of the canine vaccines induce sterilizing immunity?

• CAV

• CPV

• CDV

what makes a vaccine a core vaccine?

• provides long-term, highly effective cellular and/or humoral immunity against disease agents that cause significant clinical signs, including death

• sterilizing antibody-mediated immunity common

• ALL puppies and kittens should receive these vaccines

what makes a vaccine a non-core vaccine?

• provides partial immunity, for a short term, and/or protects against diseases that are neither highly virulent nor universally prevalent

  • limited geographic distribution

  • self-limiting or treatable

• should (or should not) be used based on risk of the disease for each individual

what are the core vaccines for dogs?

• canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2)

• canine distemper virus (CDV)

• canine adenovirus (CAV)

• rabies virus

• (leptospira bacterin)

why do puppies receive multiple doses of vaccines?

usually don’t know exactly when passively derived maternal antibody is no longer able to block vaccination

what is the “window of susceptibility”/critical period (in relation to neonatal vaccination)?

when maternally-derived antibody has declined to a level that is no longer protective against wild type virus BUT still at a level that will block active response to vaccination

why don’t we give core vaccines weekly?

• immune system is overwhelmed when interval not respected

• increases risk of adverse reactions such as immunosuppression or hypertrophic osteodystrophy

what is the vaccine schedule for the leptospira bacterin vaccine? what kind of protection does it provide?

• killed vaccine — 2 doses initially

• booster yearly

• provides protection from disease, but not infection (no titer testing)

  • does not stop shedding (zoonotic)

what are the canine non-core vaccines?

• canine parainfluenza

• canine influenza

• bordetella bronchiseptica

• lyme (borrelia burgdorferii)

• rattlesnake vaccine

what is the vaccine schedule for canine influenza?

• killed vaccine → 2 doses needed at first

• booster yearly if risk of disease remains (ex. boarding, dog shows)

what is the vaccine schedule for bordetella bronchiseptica? what are the risk factors for bordetella?

• killed bacterin (parenteral) → 2 doses needed, 2-3 weeks apart

• avirulent live bacteria intranasal/oral → 1 dose needed; protection within days

• booster yearly

• DO NOT give avirulent Bb parenterally!!

• indicated for dogs that board or go to doggy daycare

what is the vaccine schedule for lyme?

• 2 initial doses are required 2-4 weeks apart

• booster annually when risk remains

• decreased severity of disease but may not prevent infection → tick prevention is paramount

what protection does the rattlesnake vaccine provide? how many doses are required?

• Western Diamondback rattlesnake neurotoxin with some cross protection against Eastern Diamondback venom

• no protection against Mohave rattlesnake venom

• antibody against the neurotoxin slows it down, giving more time to seek treatment

• 2 initial doses

what canine vaccine is NOT recommended?

canine coronavirus