Lifespan Development Ch 13: Emotions, Attachment, and Social Relationships

primary emotions

One of the distinct basic emotions that emerges within the first 6 months of life universally (joy, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, fear).

self-conscious emotions

A "secondary emotion" such as embarrassment or pride that requires an awareness of self; unlikely to emerge until about 18 months of age.

social referencing

Infants' monitoring of companions' emotional reactions in ambiguous situations and use of this information to decide how they should feel and behave.

emotion regulation

The processes involved in initiating, maintaining, and altering emotional responses.

emotional competence

Mastery of emotions in terms of appropriate expression of emotions, understanding of emotions and what triggers them, and ability to regulate emotions.

emotional display rules

Cultural rules specifying what emotions should and should not be expressed under what circumstances (e.g., "look pleased when you receive a lousy gift").

socioemotional selectivity theory

Carstensen's notion that our needs change as we grow older and that we actively choose to narrow our range of social partners to those who can best meet our emotional needs.

positivity effect

The tendency of older adults to pay more attention to, better remember, and put more priority on positive information than on negative information; see also socioemotional selectivity theory.

Attachment theory

Theory of close relationships developed by Bowlby and Ainsworth and grounded in ethological theory (with psychoanalytic theory and cognitive theory); it says that close emotional bonds such as parent-child attachments are biologically based and contribute to species survival.

attachment

A strong affectional tie that binds a person to an intimate companion and is characterized by affection and a desire to maintain proximity.

imprinting

An innate form of learning in which the young of certain species will follow and become attached to moving objects (usually their mothers) during a critical period early in life.

internal working models

In attachment theory, cognitive representation of self and other that children construct from their interactions with caregivers and that shape their expectations about relationships.

peer

A social equal; a person who functions at a level of behavioral complexity similar to that of the self, often someone of similar age.

two social worlds of childhood

The idea that children develop through parent-child relationships and peer relationships and that these two worlds contribute differently to development.

chumships

According to neo-Freudian Harry Stack Sullivan, a close friendship in childhood that provides emotional support and teaches children how to participate in intimate relationships.

bonding

As distinguished from attachment, a more biologically-based process in which parent and infant form a connection through contact in the first hours after birth when both are highly alert.

synchronized routines

Harmonious, dancelike interaction between infant and caregiver in which each adjusts behavior in response to that of the other.

goal-corrected partnership

In Bowlby's attachment theory, the most mature phase of attachment in which parent and child accommodate to each other's needs and the child becomes more independent.

separation anxiety

A wary or fretful reaction that infants display when separated from their attachment objects.

stranger anxiety

A wary or fretful reaction that infants often display when approached by an unfamiliar person.

secure base

Point of safety, represented by an infant's attachment figure, that permits exploration of the environment.

safe haven

Point of safety, represented by an infant's attachment figure, to which the infant can return for comfort if frightened.

Strange Situation

A series of mildly stressful experiences involving the departure of the parent and exposure to a stranger to which infants are exposed to determine the quality of their attachments; developed by Ainsworth.

Secure attachment

An infant-caregiver bond or intimate relationship in which the individual welcomes close contact, uses the attachment object as a source of comfort, and dislikes but can manage separations.

Resistant attachment

An insecure infant-caregiver bond or other intimate relationship characterized by strong separation anxiety and a tendency to show ambivalent reactions to the attachment object upon reunion, seeking and yet resisting contact and not being comforted.

Avoidant attachment

An insecure infant-caregiver bond or other intimate relationship characterized by little separation anxiety and a tendency to avoid or ignore the attachment object upon reunion.

Disorganized-disoriented attachment

An insecure infant-caregiver bond, common among abused children, that combines features of the resistant and avoidant attachment styles and is characterized by the infant's dazed response to reunion and confusion about whether to approach or avoid the caregiver.

contact comfort

The pleasurable tactile sensations provided by a parent or a soft, terry cloth mother substitute; believed to foster attachments in infant monkeys and possibly humans.

alloparenting

A form of parenting that distributes infant care among multiple caregivers such as aunts and uncles, grandparents, siblings, cousins, and neighbors.

social pretend play

A form of play that involves both cooperation with playmates and pretend or symbolic activity.

sociometric techniques

Methods for determining who is well liked and popular and who is disliked or neglected in a group.

sociometric popularity

Being liked by many peers and disliked by few. Contrast with perceived popularity.

perceived popularity

Perceived status, power, and visibility in the peer group, as distinct from likeability. Contrast with sociometric popularity.

relational aggression

Subtle and indirect aggression that involves gossiping about and ignoring or excluding others.

cliques

A small friendship group that interacts frequently.

crowd

A network of heterosexual cliques that forms during adolescence and facilitates mixed-sex social activities.

peer selection versus peer socialization issue

Issue in the study of peer influence asking whether adolescents resemble their peers because they select similar others as friends or because their friends socialize them in certain directions.

homogamy

Basis for mate selection centered on similarity between partners in demographic and personal characteristics. Contrast with complementarity.

complementarity

Basis for mate selection in which people choose partners who are different from them but have strengths that compensate for their weaknesses or otherwise complement their own characteristics. Contrast with homogamy.

triangular theory of love

Robert Sternberg's model describing types of love in terms of three components: passion, intimacy, and commitment.

companionate love

In Sternberg's triangular theory of love, affectionate love characterized by high intimacy and commitment but low passion.

consummate love

In Sternberg's triangular theory of love, love with high levels of all three components of love: passion, intimacy, and decision/commitment

confidant

A spouse, relative, or friend to whom a person feels emotionally close and with whom that person can share thoughts and feelings.

Loneliness

The unpleasant feeling of being socially isolated.

primary emotion

One of the distinct basic emotions that emerges within the first 6 months of life universally (joy, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, fear).

self-conscious emotion

A "secondary emotion" such as embarrassment or pride that requires an awareness of self; unlikely to emerge until about 18 months of age.

internal working model

In attachment theory, cognitive representation of self and other that children construct from their interactions with caregivers and that shape their expectations about relationships.

When commenting on a rejected child, peers would be most likely to say,

"I don't like that kid."

When discussing her life, 60-year-old Erica says, "I am quite happy the way I am and I see no need to go out and make new friends." This statement best fits with the basic premise of which theory?

Socioemotional selectivity

Which adult attachment style predicts that an individual will bury themselves in work and do little socializing with co-workers?

Dismissing

Paul was never really a fan of infants or kids. While he was happy that his wife Lucia was pregnant, he worried that he wouldn't feel thrilled to be a parent. But when he first saw their son Donte in the delivery room, he was overcome with a rush of emotion and felt love like he never had before. What likely played a role in Paul's response?

oxytocin

A game of peek-a-boo between a mother and her infant daughter best exemplifies the concept of

synchronized routine

Regarding attachment, which of these statements is true?

A secure attachment to one's father can compensate for poor attachment with one's mother.

Which of the following fourth grade students is likely to retain a rejected sociometric status throughout their school years?

Danielle, who is a bully

Assuming that these children are all developing normally, who would be most likely to have just begun to display self-conscious emotions?

Celia, who is 24 months old

Kono takes her one-year-old son, Chin Ho, to visit an infant-toddler program that he will soon join. Chin Ho appears very anxious and is unwilling to explore and play, even though Kono is close by. When Kono leaves the room, Chin Ho becomes extremely upset and remains that way all the time his mother is gone. When Kono returns, Chin Ho stays close to his mother, but makes it clear he does not want her to touch him or pick him up. He appears angry with Kono. This best demonstrates which sort of attachment relationship?

Resistant

Which theory of mate selection states that romantic relationships begin with each individual looking for external similarities (e.g., race, education, socioeconomic status), then looking for inner similarities (e.g., values, beliefs), and continuing the relationship if both comparative phases are successful?

Filter

Which of the following functions as a bike with training wheels for later romantic relationships in adolescence?

chumships (?)

Adolescents who have secure attachments with their parents have

higher levels of self-esteem

Which type of infant attachment most likely results from having a parent who is addicted to drugs and often abuses their child?

Disorganized-disoriented

T/F: The bonding phase of adolescent romantic relationships is characterized by a focus on one's self.

False

In terms of regulating moods and emotions, Sarah would be considered contrahedonic. How old is Sarah?

17

Loretta has a secure attachment style with her husband Joaquin. Which of the following is exhibited in their relationship?

balance (?)

When a child reaches age 3, their attachment with parents starts to become more

accommodating

Between the ages of 6 to 18 months, infants' peer reactions can be considered

inconsistent

Which scenario best illustrates chumship?

Third-graders Terrell and Chung, who are best friends

With her divorce finalized, Madalena is ready to start dating again. What will be her priority in seeking a new mate?

similarity

Which behavior best exemplifies the concept of proximity maintenance with a secure attachment?

Attempting to keep track of mommy's location

Two-year-old Henry has learned that whenever he is around his aunt, Katie, it is best not to show any fear because she does not react well when confronted by a fearful child. Henry's behavior best illustrates the concept of

emotion regulation

Which statement best reflects the ethological perspective regarding parent/child attachments?

Human infants and caregivers have biological tendencies to form attachments

What saying best reflects the concept of homogamy in mate selection?

Birds of a feather flock together

T/F: All humans form attachments automatically because we have evolved to do so.

False

T/F: A child who is sociometrically ranked as neglected usually has good social skills.

True

What infant is most likely to experience emotional problems later in life?

Hae, who has disorganized-disoriented attachment

What kind of attachment is characterized by a lack of interest in exploring, little distress when separated from the attached caregiver, and lack of contact when the caregiver returns from separation?

avoidant

Frieda (18 months) and her mother Callie are visiting at a friend's house. Although there are lots of toys to play with, Frieda seems uninterested. When Callie and her friend go to the kitchen for tea, Frieda appears undisturbed. Twenty minutes later, Callie returns and tries to pick Frieda up. Frieda is unresponsive and wants to get down. When put down, Frieda ignores her mother and wanders around. Frieda's behaviorsbest demonstrate what kind of attachment relationship between Frieda and her mom?

avoidant

Heather hangs with a group of four other girls who, just like her, all wear the trendiest fashions. According to Dunphy (1963), this group is best classified as a

clique

Piaget believed that peers serve an important role in teaching children how to function effectively with others because these relationships are

optional

What is the best way to prevent the negative impacts typically found in infants raised in institutions?

A stable team of caregivers

Amanda shows a clear interest in listening to voices of humans but shows no particular preference for one person over another. Amanda is best classified as being in what attachment phase?

Undiscriminating social responsiveness

The most likely outcome for an infant in synchrony with its parent is what kind of attachment?

secure

Molly's classmates rarely choose her as a playmate, yet she is not disliked by most of her peers. She tends to be shy and quiet, and on rare occasions when someone does ask her to play, Molly often says no and walks away. According to categories of sociometric status, Molly is best classified as

neglected

When Carlos is describing his relationship with Gisele, he says, "It's got everything: sexual attraction, trust and respect, and we know that we are both in it for the long haul." This description indicates that their relationship is most accurately described as involving what kind of love?

consummate

Which of the following stages indicates the LEAST advanced level of social-cognitive ability?

Undiscriminating social responsiveness