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Ap Pysch
Innate
belonging to
Predisposed
(typically a person) is more prone to something
Salient
most noticeable/important
Subjective
based on opinion rather than fact
Nature
the natural, possibly genetically determined behaviors/characteristics of a person
Nurture
the idea that environmental factors influence the development and behavior of a person
Epigenetics
how events in the cells change the function of them, but not the input of the genes
Histone modification
a protein that fits inside the nucleus and controls the cell
DNA methylation
a light switch is added to DNA genes
No methylation means
gene is turned on
Nativists
believe most behaviors are from inheritance
NAture
Ancestry
NUture
Upbringing
Evolutionary perspective
how natural selection affects behaviors in a species long term
Natural selection
the best of the best stay, the rest did
Selective breeding
any trait that is favored naturally or artificially (made by man) spreads to future generations via forced breeding
Eugenics
unethical idea of superior and inferior people
Identical twins are called
monozygotic twins
Fraternal Twins are called
dizygotic twins
Difference between identical and fraternal Twins
fraternal comes from two eggs and share 50% of genes, identic develop from one egg and have the exact same genes
Adoption studies
where babies are adopted at an early age and the child is compared to the adopted and biological parents
Heritability
the extent in which our genes are to blame for our traits; can also be an estimate of observed differences among people
What do twin studies compare?
similarities between MZ and DZ (fraternal and identical twins)
Adoption studies major words are (hint two)
personality and intelligence
Heritability is what kind of measure?
mathematical
CNS
central nervous system includes brain and spinal cord
PNS
peripheral nervous system includes all the other nerves
Somatic nervous system
sents commands to control the voluntary skeletal muscles, brings sensory input back in
Autonomstic nervous system
controls the activity of glands, organs, and smooth muscles: can be both involuntary and voluntary muscles
Symptomatic nervous system (hint s=stress)
coordinates fight or flight mode, uses norepinephrine naturally
Parasympathetic nervous system (hint p=peace)
associated with rest, repair, and energy stores, calms and restores the body after stress
Parasympathetic and symptomatic are ..., and will.. be activated at the same time
opposing, not
Central nervous system (CNS) includes
brain and spinal cord
PNS includes..?
Spinal cord to arms, hands, and feet
Somatic includes
CNS + sensory receptors
Autonomic includes
Spinal cord to lungs, heart and stomach intestines, bladder and sex organs
Sympathetic includes
Fight or flight (everything BUT digestion go UP)
Parasympathetic includes
Rest and restoring (everything BUT digestion goes DOWN)
What are the nervous system branches?
-hint-there are three
CNS + PNS, Somatic + Autonomic, Sympa + para
Glial cells
takes care of the neuron, doesn’t generate action potential
On your hand and arm, where are the parts of a neuron?
Hand = cell body, freckle on hand = nucleus, fingers = dendrites, myelin sheath = skin, axon hillock = wrist, node of Ranvier = if there’s a cut on the arm
Presynaptic cell
hint- terminal bud
a cell before synapse
Postsynaptic cell
hint- dendrite
after synapse
Difference between sensory and motor neurons
hint-SAME
Sensory: info comes in (afferent)
Motor: info goes out (efferent)
What are inside terminal buds?
Vesicles, and inside those are neurotransmitters
How a neuron fires (action potential)
resting (potato chip), resting = -70 mV, either a neuron fires or it doesn’t
— is greater than —-, —- reach threshold
E is greater than I, I reach threshold
Depolarization
hint- SIN and POUT
Switching charges, the gates open and Sodium comes in and Potassium goes out
Repolarization
when the cell is returning to normal levels (potato chip again)
Refractory period
hint- loading a gun
Inactive time because the cell is getting repolarized
What happens when there’s not a myelinated sheath on the axon body?
There are slow messages
Reuptake
when neurotransmitters get ‘sucked’ back into the same neuron they just came from
Enzyme Deactivation
hint-pacman
Cleaning the extra transmitters up that weren’t used in reuptake
What two illnesses are associated with not having a myelin sheath?
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Myasthenia Gravis (MG)
What’s the difference between MS and MG?
MS-neurological, possible loss of muscle control
MG-autoimmune, lacks acetylcholine receptors
Excitatory
hint- GLUTAMATE
Increases likelihood that the neuron with fire
Inhibitory
hint-GABA
Decreases the likelihood that the neuron with fire
What function is Dopamine (DA) related to?
Pleasure and reward
What function is Acetylcholine (AcH) related to?
memory and learning
What function is Serotonin (5ht) related to?
mood and sleep
What function is Norepinephrine (NE) related to?
Fight or flight
What function is Glutamate (Glu) related to?
learning, long term memory and LTP
What function is GABA related to?
calming and sleep
What function is Endorphins (End) related to?
stops pain signals
What function is Substance P (powder) related to?
produces pain
What happens if there’s too much of DA?
Schizophrenia, trouble controlling impulses
What happens if there’s too much of AcH?
muscle convulsions
What happens if there’s too much of 5HT?
Headaches and OCD
What happens if there’s too much of NE?
Anxiety and mania
What happens if there’s too much of Glu?
migraines or seizures
What happens if there’s too much of GABA?
relaxed
What happens if there’s too much of End?
higher pain tolerance
What happens if there’s too much of Substance P?
increased pain
What happens if there’s too little of DA?
Parkinson’s
What happens if there’s too little of AcH?
Alzheimer’s
What happens if there’s too little of 5HT?
depression
What happens if there’s too little of NE?
depression
What happens if there’s too little of glu?
schizophrenia
What happens if there’s too little of GABA?
anxiety
What happens if there’s too little of Endorphins?
more pain experience
What happens if there’s too little of substance P?
Decreased pain
What do the NS and Endocrine system have in common?
Chemicals, message location, message speed and the effect
BBB
Blood, brain, barrier, the protective gate around the brain
Definition and example of Depressants
To reduce nervous energy, Alcohol
Definition and example of Opioids
Reduces pain and adds pleasure, Morphine
Definition and example of Stimulants
Excites and speeds function, caffeine
Definition and example of Hallucinogens
distorts perceptions and evokes false visual outputs, Marijuana and THC
In simple words, what do depressants, stimulants, opioids, and hallucinogens do?
D:decrease CNS activity, S:increases CNS activity, O: pain relievers, H:distorted sensations
Two types of Agonist
Mimics the message to keep movement going or blocks reuptake from happening (pre and post synaptic)
Antagonist
decreases effectiveness by blocking dendrite receptors
Depressants
down gaba
Alcohol
da, cerebellum and hippocampus
Barbiturates
sleep and anxiety that are addictive and lethal when combined with alcohol.
Benzodiazepines
promote sleep and relaxation, known for their addictive potential.
Opioids
t alleviate pain by releasing endorphins; includes heroin and suboxone.
Methadone
A synthetic opioid used as a treatment for addiction.
Naloxone (Narcan)
A medication that blocks opioid receptors to counteract narcotic overdose.
Stimulants
Substances that increase dopamine levels and induce euphoria, such as nicotine.
Caffeine
A stimulant that blocks adenosine receptors, leading to tolerance and withdrawal symptoms.
Cocaine
A stimulant that blocks dopamine receptors, providing a short-lived euphoric effect followed by a crash.
Note 
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