Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
shapes of bacteria
coccus, vibrio, soirillium, bacillus, coccobacillus, fusiform bacillus, spirochete
gram neg stains
red
gram positive stains
purple
gram negative is
harder to treat g
gram negative bacteria
more complex
gram negative bacteria has
2 membranes
community associated infection
infection that is acquired by a person who has not been hospitalized or had a medical procedure within last year
health care associated infection
contracted in a hospital or institutional setting
health care associated infections occur
more than 48 hours after admission
2 days
health care acquired infections are _____ to treat
more difficult
causative microorganisms are drug resistance
most microorganisms that cause HCAI are
gram neg bacteria
most common HCAI
MRSA
prevention of HCAI
handwashing, antiseptics, disinfectants
most important prevention step in HCAI
handwashing
antiseptic
inhibit growth of microorganism, does not necessarily kill them
antiseptic are applied to
living tissue
ex. bedadine
antiseptics are used to clean
wounds or an abscess
antiseptics are a ___ agent
static
disinfectants
kill organisms
disinfectants are used on
non living objects
clorox wipes, lysol
disinfectants are ___ agents
cidal
antibiotics
meds used to treat bacterial infection
before beginning antibiotic therapy, you should obtain a
culture to identify causative organism and antibiotic susceptibilities
start antibiotic ___ culture is obtained
after
empiric therapy
treatment of an infection before specific culture information has been reported or obtained
definitive therapy
antibiotic therapy tailored to treat organism identified with cultures
prophylactic therapy
treatment with antibiotics to prevent infection, as in intraabdominal surgery or after trauma
normal wbc
5000-10000
therapeutic response
assess after patient been on antibiotic
decrease in specific signs and symptoms of infection are noted
subtherapeutic response
signs and symptoms of infection do not improve
reason why signs and symptoms may not improve
route of med admin
inadequate drainage of abscess
bacterial resistance
superinfection
decrease in normal bacteria flora
example of superinfection
c diff
c diff causes
foul smell, diarrhea or watery stool
secondary infection example
upper respiratory symptoms, come back to doctor with ear pain from bacteria after URI
resistance can occur from
not taking full dose of antibiotics
what percent of antibiotic prescriptions are unnecessary
30%
example of food drug interaction
tetracycline and dairy
decreases absorption
host factors include
age, organ function, genetics
allergic reactions are most common to
penicillins and sulfonamides
most common severe reactions
difficulty breathing, significant rash, hives, or other skin reaction, GI intolerance
pregnancy related host factors
some antibiotics may pass through placenta to the fetus
genetic host factors
glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
slow acetylation
g6pd deficiency
blood cells break down when body exposed to certain meds
hemolytic anemia
classes of antibiotics
sulfonamides, penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, quinolones, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines
antibiotic mechanism of action
interfere with cell wall and protein synthesis
interfere with DNA replication
disrupt critical metabolic reactions in cell
site of antibiotic activity
cell wall synthesis, DNA and RNA replication, antimetabolies, protein synthesis of 30S and 50S ribosomes
bactericidal
kill bacteria
bacteriostatic
inhibit growth of susceptible bacteria rather than killing them immediately, leads to bacteria death
sulfonamides are often ___ with antoher antibiotic
combined
synergistic
sulfamethoxazole is combined with ___
trimethoprim
creates SMX-TMP
sulfonamides are
bacteriostatic
sulfonamides prevent
synthesis of folic acid required for synthesis of purines and nucleic acid
sulfonamides do nto affect
human cells or certain bacteia
sulfonamides only affect organisms that
synthesis their own folic acid
sulfonamides are effective against
gram positive and gram negative bacteria
sulfonamides teat
UTIs caused by snterobacter spp, e coli, klebsiella spp, proteus mirabilis, proteus vulgaris, s aureus
bactrim achieves main concentration in
kidney
bactrim treats
UTI, upper resp, pneumonia, and MRSA
SMX-TMP is used for
outpatient staph infections because of high reate of MRSA
sulfonamide blood adverse effects
hemolytic and aplastic anemia, agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia (reduction in platelet)
normal count of platelets
150,000-400,000
sulfonamides integumentary adverse effects
stephen johnson syndrome
if allergic to sulfonamides, probably allergic to
sulfonuria, thyozide, loop diuretics
sulfonamide GI adverse effects
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, pancreatitis
sulfonamdide other adverse effects
crystalluria
sulfonamides may increase effects of
warfarin
increase chances of bleeding
beta lactam antibiotics include
penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams
betalactamase
breaks down bond between carbon and nitrogen in beta lactam ring
decrease effectiveness of drug
types of penicillins
natural penicillin
penicillinase resistant drugs
aminopenicillins
extended spectrum drugs
natural penicillins
penicillin G
penicillin V
penicillinase resistant drugs include
nafcillin
cloxacillin
oxacillin
dicloxacillin
aminopenicillins include
amoxicillin
ampicillin
extended spectrum penicillin includes
carbenicillin
piperacillin
ticarcillin
beta-lactamase inhibitors
bind with beta lactamase enzyme to prevent break down of penicillin molecule
examples of beta-lactamase inhibitor drugs
clavulacin acid
tazobactam
sulbactam
clavulanic acid combines with ___ to make augmentin
amoxicillin
examples of combo drugs
ampicillin/sulbactam (unasyn)
amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (augmentin)
ticarcillin/clavulanic acid (timentin)
piperacillin/tazobactam (zosyn)
penicillins are
bacteriocidal
strep and staph
penicillin mechanism of action
enter the bacteria via cell wall
bind to penicillin binding protein
normal cell wall synthesis is disrupted
result from penicillin entering bacteria
bacteria cells die from cell lysis
indicators for penicillins
prevention and treatment of infections caused by bacteria such as
gram positive bacteria, strep spp, enterococcus spp, staph spp
contraindications for penicillins
known drug allergy
errors are made with penicillin meds because
penicillin drug called by its trade name is given to patient with penicillin allergy
not all penicillin meds end with “cillin”
allergies occur in ___ of people taking penicillin
.7-4%
patient with history of throat swelling or hives from penicillin should not recieve
cephalosporins
penicillins interact with
NSAIDs, oral contraceptives, warfarin
A patient is receiving Augmentin (amoxicillin and clavulanic acid) liquid solution through a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube. What is the purpose of the clavulanic acid?
it inhibits the production of enzymes produced by beta lactamise producing bacteria
cephalosproins are
semisynthetic antibiotics
cephalosporins are ____ related to penicillins
structurally and pharmacologically
cepahlosporins are
bacteriocidal and broad spectrum
generations of cephalosporins
first
second
third
fourth
fifth
first gen cephalosporins
good gram positive coverage
first gen cephalosporins are available in ___ forms
parenteral and oral forms
examples of first gen cephalosporins
cefadroxil (duricef, ultracef)
cephradine (velosef)
cefazolin (ancef)
cephalexin (keflex)
cefazolin (ancef)
available IV, IM
given pre-op for staph
cephalexin (keflex)
PO
For mild skin infection NOT MRSA
cephalosporin second gen
good gram positive, a little gram neg
examples of cephalospoin second gen
cefaclor (ceclor)
cefprozil (cefzil)
cefoxitin (mefoxin)
cefuroxime (zinacef)
cefotetan (cefotan)
cefoxitin (mefoxin)
IV and IM
used prophylactically for abdominal or colorectal surgeries
kills anaerobes