Period 2 1607-1754 APUSH

Spanish in America

• Prioritized extracting wealth via silver mines + plantations

• Casta system, intermarriage, harsh conversion

• Encomienda system as forced labor

French in America

• Prioritized trade alliances with Natives, specifically fur trade

• Almost respectable native relations with a focus on Iroquois speaking Hurons for trade connections, furs traded for iron + other metal works (pots, pans, weapons),

• Jesuit priests assimilate into Native Tribes to convert from within

• Many frenchmen had relations with Natives

• No labor system

English in America

• Prioritized finding riches to export and establish newfound religious/political freedoms

• Native relations were not a big focus but hostile at times

• Utilized indentured servants + African slaves, no institutionalized forced labor system for Native Americans

Mercantilism

Political economy based on government regulation that emphasized the importance of accumulating wealth through trade, colonization, and a favorable balance of exports over imports

Joint-stock company

made of investors who pooled their capital and received shares of stock in proportion to their share (fund settlers to colony)

Headright system

granted land to anyone who paid passage of a new arrival (often 50 acres per person of land for indentured servants)

Settlement of Jamestown

• King James granted a royal charter to joint-stock company the Virginia Company

  • All men, no farmers/laborers

• Expected to find gold, get rich, and extract tribute from Natives, actually found no gold, half died (refused to farm —> starvation)

Government structure

• British Crown

• Royal governor (appointed by crown, had approval on laws, oversaw colonial trade, could dismiss colonial assembly) governor John Smith of Jamestown

• Council (appointed by + advisory board to governor and highest court in each colony)

• Colonial assembly (elected by eligible colonists, made laws, paid governor’s salary, had authority of tax)

Virginia House of Burgesses

• representative government established in the royal colony of Virginia in 1619

• write + apply laws + taxes

• First democratically elected legislative body + colonial voice allowed for self-government

The Mayflower Compact (1620)

• First document desiring democratic rule

• On the Mayflower, 35 pilgrims among 67 “strangers” landed in Plymouth Colony

• Puritans (believed in predestination), John Winthrop was the 1st governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony

City upon a hill

• Speech by John Winthrop

• Idea that Massachusetts would be an example for the world of a perfect society based on Puritan beliefs

Anne Hutchinson

• Banished from Massachusetts Bay colony for speaking out against religious leadership

• Proponent of antinomianism, the belief that faith and God’s grace as opposed to the observance of moral law and performance of good deeds are suffice to earn a place among the “elect,” challenging Puritan beliefs and clergy

• As an intelligent, well-educated, and powerful woman, she was tried for heresy and convicted

Roger Williams

• Banished from Massachusetts Bay colony for speaking out against religious leadership

• Minister in Salem Bay settlement who taught controversial principles like that church and state should be separate

• Established new colony in modern-day Rhode Island under this principle

Metacom’s/King Philip’s War (New England)

• Wampanoag tried to resist New England immigration

• Ended when Metacom was captured + killed

• Thousands were killed on both sides

• War ended most Native American resistance in New England

Powhatan Uprising (Chesapeake)

• Jamestown colonists originally relied on Powhatans in Chesapeake region to cultivate food

• Powhatan Confederacy was made up of about 30 tribes but eventually defeated and forced to give up most of its land

• As more colonists arrived and claimed land, violence broke out

Pueblo Revolt

• Fought back against Spanish in New Mexico who were forcing them to work on encomiendas, suppressing culture, and forcing Catholic conversion

• Largest and most successful Native revolt in North American history

• Successfully drove off Spanish for 12 years

John Smith

Forced Jamestown colonists to work and established trade relations with Powhatans

John Rolfe

Turned tobacco into a profitable cash crop (“Brown Gold”) with Pocahontas in Jamestown

New England Colonies (Massachusetts Bay + Plymouth)

• Separatists who wanted religious freedoms sailed on the Mayflower to Plymouth in 1620

• Allied with the Wampanoag tribe

• Beginning of the Great Puritan Migration

• Church = gov, small communities for monitoring —> Salem Witch Trials

• Emphasized education so anyone could read the bible

• Exported fish and lumber from Boston ports

• Known for whaling + ship-building

Middle Colonies

• Most ethnically and economically diverse, maintained from the Dutch in New York and New Jersey

• Logging + shipbuilding near the coast + lucrative NY fur trade + large grain farms growing cereal crops wheat, oat, and barley, as the “bread basket”

• Quaker (believed each individual had access to direct revelation) William Penn’s “holy experiment,” Pennsylvania promoted religious tolerance

Southern colonies

• Long growing seasons led to many cash crops (tobacco, indigo, sugar, rice)

• Plantations were the center of economic, social, and political activity throughout the South

  • Planter aristocracy controlled economy and participated in local government

• Conditions of slavery were worse here

Stono rebellion

• Largest slave insurrection in colonial america

• Led to more strict slave codes, especially in South Carolina, where this occurred, due to fear of more rebellions

Navigation Acts

• Restricted/monopolized trade in American colonies by forcing colonies to only import tea and sugar from England through British ships + crews

• Led to smuggling and salutary neglects

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)

• America’s first Constitution-like laws

• Stated powers and limitations of government

Bacon’s Rebellion

• Nathaniel Bacon led poor farmers (many previously indentured in Virginia) frustrated with Sir William Berkeley, royal governor of Virginia, and Virginia elite for not doing enough to protect frontier settlers from Native American attacks

• Showed growing class divide and planter economy of Virginia

• First demonstration of real pushback against royal authority

• Led to transition from indentured servitude to almost exclusive slavery

First Great Awakening

• Jonathan Edwards - Congregationalist preacher who used fire and brimstone sermons to scare people into returning to the church out of fear

• George Whitefield - made people feel hopeful through personal salvation and an individual relationship with God

• Increased church attendance for New and Old Light denominations

• First uniquely cultural experience in colonies

• Questioning church leadership and moving away from religious hierarchy led to same questioning of royal authority