APUSH Period 4 SFI

Revolution of 1800

Revolution of 1800

When Democratic-Republican Party candidate, Vice President Thomas Jefferson, defeated the Federalist Party candidate, incumbent president John Adams. Marked one of the few times where power was transferred peacefully between 2 parties in history.

Jefferson D-R Political Actions

Abolishment of the whiskey tax, minimized the military, and reduced the amount of federal jobs.

Louisiana Purchase - James Monroe

Since the French had a lost their territory during the Haitian Revolution, Jefferson sent a representative and Napoleon sold this whole territory. Jefferson had a dilemma over the power of the government and rules for purchasing territory not being in the Constitution. Doubled the size of America.

Lewis and Clark

Expeditionists who travelled from the Mississippi River to the West Coast and back. The expedition, called the Corps of Discovery, was President Thomas Jefferson's visionary project to explore the American West.

John Marshall

4th Chief Justices of the Supreme Court. Extremely influential in expanding the power of the court and federal government.

Marbury vs. Madison (1803)

When James Madison became Secretary of State and decided not to deliver the midnight appointments, one of the judges was angered. It was this case in which John Marshall first established the idea of Judicial Review.

Midnight Appointments

When John Adams stayed up in his last days in office, commissioning Federalist party members as judges as result of the Judiciary Act (16 new openings for federal judges).

Judicial Review

Holds that the courts are vested with the authority to determine the legitimacy of the acts of the executive and the legislative branches of government.

McCulloch vs. Maryland

Argument over whether a state had the power to tax a federal bank. Marshall declared that they couldn’t as well as the idea that national law trumps state laws when they contradict.

War of 1812 Causes

Continued impressment of American citizens into fighting for the British as well as issues with American westward expansion and the British aiding Native Americans. War Hawks were eager for this war.

War of 1812 Effects

The success of the American during this war caused increased nationalism and the demise of the Federalist Party as their intense opposition was invalidated.

Hartford Convention

When Federalists threatened to succeed from the union over the conflict surrounding the War of 1812.

American System - Henry Clay

When the War of 1812 showed the lack of American infrastructure and National Bank this plan was formed. It federally funded internal improvements, implemented federal tariffs, and called for the 2nd bank of the US.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Law that admitted Missouri to the Union as a state that allowed slavery, and Maine as a free state. Established that above 36°30′ would be entered as free states and below would be slave states.

Treaty of Ghent

Ended the War of 1812. Great Britain agreed to relinquish claims to the Northwest Territory, and both countries pledged to work toward ending the slave trade.

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

Increased movement into Flordia lead by Andrew Jackson lead to this treaty between the US and Spain in 1819 that ceded Florida to the US and defined the boundary between the US and Spanish Mexico.

Monroe Doctrine - James Monroe

Warned European nations that the United States would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs. Officially challenged Europeans for authority in the Americas.

Market Revolution

Caused by increased demand for US goods. The linking of Northern industries with Western and Southern farms which was created by advanced in agriculture, industry, and transportation.

Erie Canal (1825) and Steamboats

Constructed in New York which connected between Western farmers and Eastern manufacturing. Increased efficiency and speed of good transportation.

Eli Whitney

Created interchangeable parts and the Cotton Gin (speed up the process of separating cotton). Increased the factory system and productivity of slavery.

Immigrants

The Irish arrived because of the Irish Potato famine. Germans came to find economic opportunities and a democratic government. Many went to work into the Northern industry and established religious communities.

Nativists (1830/40s)

A set of beliefs favoring the interests of established inhabitants against those of immigrants.

Temperance Movement

Dedicated to promoting moderation and, more often, complete abstinence in the use of intoxicating liquor. Induced by 2nd Great Awakening to cure social ill. Founded American Temperance Society. Rejected by immigrants.

Cult of Domesticity

The idea that a women’s identity and purpose was to have babies, raise them, and provide a home that was a haven of rest for their husbands.

Lowell Factory

Staffed by New England farm girls who were closely monitored by their bosses. These bosses would criminally low wages and control almost any aspect of these girl’s lives.

Panic of 1819

Tighter lending policies to decrease inflation caused many states banks too close. Decreased demand for US goods (ex. cotton) caused great economic turmoil.

Democrats

Originally a Democratic Republican faction. Eventually became a separate who had a more limited view of federal power and agreed with strict interpretation of the Constitution, free trade, and local rule. Were against monopolies, high tariffs, and the National Bank.

National Republicans / Whig Party

Originally a Democratic Republican faction. Eventually became the Whigs who had a had a more expansive view of federal power and agreed with loose interpretation of the Constitution, the National Bank, protective tariffs, and federal funding.

Corrupt Bargain (1824)

It seemed that Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House at the time, convinced Congress to elect Adams, who then made Clay his Secretary of State. Jackson supported were extremely angry because of this.

Tariff

A tax imposed by one country on the goods and services imported from another country. High tariffs encourage the purchase of domestically made goods by raising the prices of other countries.

Tariff of Abomination (1828) - John C. Calhoun

Increased tax rates substantially (to as much as 50 percent on manufactured goods) raising the cost of living in the South and would cut into the profits of New England's industrialists.

Doctrine of Nullification

The constitutional theory that individual states can invalidate federal laws or judicial decisions they deem unconstitutional. Andrew Jackson threatened military response to South Carolinas reaction to the Tariff of Abominations, SC backed down when the tariff was reduced.

Second Bank of the United States

When called for a recharter, it was vetoed by Andrew Jackson. This seemed too widely agreed on as Andrew Jackson was elected for a 2nd term.

Indian Removal Act of 1830/Trail of Tears

Mandated that all Natives be relocated west of the Mississippi River in the Oklahoma territory. This was challenged in the case Worcester vs. Georgia.

Worcester vs. Georgia

When the Cherokees challenged the constitutionality of their removal, the Court sided with the Cherokees and agreed that Georgia had no right to impose state laws within Cherokee boundaries because they enjoyed federal protection.

Hudson River School

First native school of painting in the United States. It was strongly nationalistic both in its proud celebration of the natural beauty of the American landscape and in the desire of its artists to become independent of European schools of painting.

Transcendentalism

The idea that people have knowledge about themselves and the world around them that "transcends" or goes beyond what they can see, hear, taste, touch or feel.

Second Great Awakening

Series of religious revivals among Protestant Christian that emphasized righteous living, personal restraint, and a strong moral rectitude that would lead a person and society to salvation. Emphasized personal action and that you controlled your position in society.

2nd Great Awakening Causes

Market Revolution, rising tide of democratic/individualist beliefs, influenced the lower class, and the rejection of rationalism for romanticism.

Mormonism

New religious thinking that believed the Church of Jesus had strayed from the true teaching and witness of a Christi and Joseph Smith was Gods true prophet. Promoted polygamy.

Abolitionism Figures

William Lloyd Garrison (The Liberator), Fredrick Douglass (Freed slave and personal narrative), Sojourner Truth, John Brown, Nat Turner, and more.

Seneca Falls Convention (1844)

Lead by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. They drafted the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions which proclaimed that “all men and women are created equal” and resolved that women would take action to claim the rights of citizenship denied to them by men.

Resistance to Slavery

Keeping cultural names, languages, dances, songs, secret marriages, maintaining religions, rebellions, and more. This caused stricter actions towards slaves because of the fear of slave owners.

Nat Turner’s Slave Rebellion (1831)

Rebellion which started at a master's house and killed the entire family. Rebels marched throughout Southampton County in Virginia, killing at least 55 people until white authorities crushed the revolt. The leader avoided capture for nearly two months before he was caught.

Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824)

A case in which the Court decided that the federal government has exclusive power over interstate commerce.

Embargo Act (1807)

Thomas Jefferson's reaction to British and French interference with neutral U.S. merchant ships during the Napoleonic Wars which closed U.S. ports to all exports and restricted imports from Britain.

Social Darwinism

The idea that certain people become powerful in society because they are innately better. Key principle of nativism/know nothings.

Battle of New Orleans

The American victory forced the British to recognize United States claims to Louisiana and West Florida and to ratify the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the war. Marked the Louisiana’s political incorporation into the Union.

Era of Good Feelings

A period in the political history of the United States that reflected a sense of national purpose and a desire for unity among Americans in the aftermath of the War of 1812.