psyc exam 3

Personality

An individuals characteristic pattern of thinking

Psychoanalysis

Frueds theory that personality attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts

Psychodynamic

Theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experience

Psychoanalysis

Freuds theory that personality attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts

Unconscious mind

Freud was the first person to focus on this

Unconscious mind

A part of the mind was active outside of conscious awareness

ID, superego, ego

Human personality arises from a conflict between impulses and restraints and from our efforts to resolve this basic conflict

Order of Freuds psychosexual stages

Oral, Anal, Phalic, Latency, Genital

Oedipus complex

Boys develop both unconscious sexual desires for their mother and jealousy and hatred for their father, whom they considered a rival

Phalic stage

Strong conflict could lock, or fixate, the persons pleasure-seeking entergies

Projection

Disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

Regression

Retreating to an earlier psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

Denial

Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities

Carl Jung

Introduced the ideas of the collective unconscious and archetypes; believing in the drive for meaning and self-realization

Projective tests

People express their inner feelings and interest through stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

Humanistic theory

Theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

Carl Rogers

Believe that people are basically good and are endowed with self actualization tendencies, and a person’s environment could either inhibit or encourage their growth

The most basic needs

Acceptance, or unconditional positive regard, genuineness, or congruence, and empathy

Three conditions for a growth promoting social climate

Acceptance, or unconditional positive regard, genuineness, or congruence, and empathy

Self-concept

The central feature of personality.

Positive self-concept

if this is positive, we tend to act and perceive the world positively

Negative self-concept

if this is negative, we fall short of our ideal self, and we feel dissatisfied and unhappy

Trait

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act in certain ways as assessed by self-report inventories in peer reports

Factor analysis

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of test items that tap basic components of a trait

MMPI

Most common personal test

The big five model

Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

Social cognitive perspective

Banduras view of behavior as influenced by the interaction between people traits (including their thinking) and their social context

Social cognitive perspective basics

What we think about a situation affects our resulting behavior and social cognitive theorist focus on how we are environment interact how do we interpret and respond to external events?

Reciprocal determinism

The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.

Self

in contemporary psychology, assume to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

Spotlight Effect

Self focused perspective may motivate us, but can lead us to presume that too many people are noticing us

Self-esteem

Our feelings of high or low self-worth

Self efficacy

Our sense of competence and effectiveness

Self-serving bias

a readiness to perceive ourselves favorably

Narcissism

Excessive self-love and self absorption (ex. Ted Bundy)

Deviance

Violating cultural norms

Distress

Psychological or physical pain

Dysfunction

Thoughts and behaviors interfere with a persons ability to live their life

Psychological disorders

A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance i an individuals cognitions, emotion regulation, or behavior

Medical mode

The concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through a treatment of a hospital.

Biopsychosocial model

Emphasizes that mind and body are inseparable negative emotions can trigger physical illness, and physical abnormalities can trigger negative emotions

Pros of classifying psychological disorder

Can provide relief when they learn suffering as a name, and they aren’t alone, can track trends worldwide due to ICD and DSM, classifying individuals to better understand any communicate dx

Cons of classifying psychological disorders

Stereotypes and stigma carry weight, can be subjective, categorizing is only a general term, not always applicable to every person

Generalized anxiety disorder

For no obvious reason, continually tense and uneasy

Panic disorder

A person experiences, panic attacks, sudden episodes of intense dread, and fears the next attack

Specific phobias

A person intensely and irrationally afraid of something

OCD

A disorder characterized by unwanted, repetitive thoughts, actions, or both

Obsession

Germs dirt toxins, something terrible is happening, symmetry, order, or exactness

Compulsion

Excessive handwashing, bathing, toothbrushing, or grooming, repeating, rituals, checking doors, locks, and appliances, as well as homework

PTSD

A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilant, avoidance of trauma related, stimuli, social withdrawal, jump, anxiety, numbness of feeling, and or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

Somatic symptom disorder

Psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause

Illness, anxiety disorder

Disorder in which a person interprets, normal physical sensations as symptoms of disease

Major depressive disorder or MDD

A disorder in which a person experiences in the absence of drug use or medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms at least one of which must be either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure

Bipolar disorder

A group of disorders in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

Mania

A hyperactive widely optimistic state, dangerously poor judgment is common

Depression

State of low mood and energy

Schizophrenia

A disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized, speech and diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

Hallucination

False PERCEPTIONS only in one’s mind

Delusions

A false BELIEF, often of persecution or grandeur that may accompany, psychotic disorder

Word salad

Jumbled ideas may make no sense even within sentences

Catatonia

Motionless for hours

Chronic schizophrenic

a form of schizophrenia, which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer, and recovery periods shorten.

Acute schizophrenia

a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to a traumatic event, and from which recovery is much more likely

Dopamine overactivity

An excess number of dopamine receptors, which have been linked to creative positive symptoms. Drugs, that increased dopamine, like nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine, can intensify them.

Dissociative disorder.

Controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings. Separates from painful memories, thoughts, and feelings.

Dissociative identity disorder

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating identities.

Personality disorders.

In flexible in enduring behavior patterns that impaired social functioning.

Antisocial personality disorder.

A personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscious for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless, or a clever con artist.

Trephination.

When they would drill holes and people skulls too “release the evil spirits“

Philippe Pinel and Dorothea Dix

The people that put a stop to trephination

Psychotherapy.

May explore a client early relationships, encourage the client to atop new ways of thinking, coaching clients in replacing old behaviors with new ones.

Biomedical therapy.

Medication‘s like Adderall, biological treatments, such as electroconvulsive shock therapy in deep brain stimulation.

Psychoanalysis.

We do not know ourselves fully due to repressing things that we do not want to know, bringing repressed emotions to conscious awareness, provides insight which intern reduces the aid, ego, and super ego conflict.

techniques of psychoanalysis.

For association, resistance, interpretation, dreams, transference

Psychodynamic.

Short term, targeted and specific, heavily focused on present day feelings and linking past behaviors and experiences to them, not as much influence on the Ed ego and super ego, it’s also face-to-face.

Humanistic therapy.

The goals are to aim to Boo, self fulfillment, insight, therapies, not curing an illness, take responsibility, present, and future> past

Father of humanistic therapy.

Carl Rogers.

The three core components of humanistic therapy.

Congruent, empathy, unconditional positive regard.

Congruence

The alignment between an individuals internal experiences (feelings, thoughts, values) and their outward expressions (behaviors, communication)

Empathy

The ability to understand and share the feelings, perspectives, and experiences of another person by putting yourself in their shoes.

Unconditional positive regard

Accepting and valuing another person completely, without judgement or conditions, regardless of their behavior

Active listening

A communication technique that involves fully concentrating on, understanding, and remembering what is being said, both verbally and nonverbally

Exposure therapy

What you should do, attempt to change reactions by repeated exposure to stimuli that trigger unwanted reactions

Aversive conditioning

What you should not do, associated unwanted behavior with unpleasant feelings

goal of cognitive therapy

Teaching new, more adaptive ways of thinking

Different techniques of cognitive therapy

Stress, inoculation, training, questioning interpretations, examine consequences, decatastrophize thinking

Family therapy

Viewing the family as a system

Three ways that we determine if psychotherapy is effective

Client perceptions, clinician and perceptions, outcome research

Psychopharmacology

The study of drug effects on the mind and behavior

Antipsychotics

Drugs used to treat, schizophrenia, and other forms of severe thought disorders

Anti-anxiety

Drugs used to control, anxiety, and agitation

Antidepressant

Drugs used to depressive, anxiety, OCD related disorders and PTSD

Mood stabilizers

Most likely used in bipolar related disorders

Electroconvulsive therapy

Barbaric, especially given ignorance. Mood boost may not last long, less or evil than severe depression and risk of suicide.

Lobotomy

Cutting the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion controlling centers of the inner brain

Tardive dyskinesia

A movement disorder that can develop as a side effect of taking certain medication’s primarily antipsychotic drugs, used to treat conditions like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Behaviorism

Doubting the power of self-awareness

Classical conditioning used in behavioral therapy

Exposure therapy and aversion therapy to change involuntary responses by pairing a stimulus with a new response.