4.2 The Rise of Political Parties and Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson, Louisiana Purchase, Aaron Burr, Lewis and Clark, strict interpretation, John Marshall, judicial review, Marbury v. Madison, Fletcher v. Peck, McCulloch v. Maryland, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Gibbons v. Ogden, implied powers

Revolution of 1800

peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republican Party with Thomas Jefferson elected as president

Jefferson’s presidency

• maintained Hamilton’s bank plan and lowered national debt

• Washington and Adam’s neutrality

• limited government

• Louisiana purchase

• impeachment campaign - Jefferson failed in having Federalist-appointed judges impeached but caused judges to be more cautious and less partisan

• reelected (1804)

Louisiana Purchase

Napoleon sold the Louisiana Territory to Jefferson for $15 million

• Jefferson normally supported strict interpretation of the Constitution, justified Louisiana Purchase as an extension of the president’s power to make treaties

• Lewis and Clark expeditions → greater geographic and scientific knowledge of region

Aaron Burr after not being renominated as vice president 1804

• conspiracy planning to become governor of New York, unite with New England states, and secede, lose New York to Hamilton

• dueled and killed Hamilton

• tried for treason for planning to take Mexico from Spain and unite with Louisiana under his rule

John Marshall

federalist Supreme Court justice, favored central government and property rights over states

• Marbury v. Madison (1803) - established judicial review, giving the Supreme Court the power to overrule other branches’ actions on the basis of unconstitutionality

• Fletcher v. Peck (1810) - the first case of the supreme court declaring a state law unconstitutional, states cannot pass legislation invalidating contracts

• Martin v. Hunter’s Leas (1816) - established that the Supreme Court has jurisdiction of state courts in constitutional rights cases

• Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) - contracts for private corporations cannot be altered by states

• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) - Maryland cannot tax the second Bank of the United States because of the supremacy clause, confirmed the federal government’s implied power to create a national bank

• Cohen’s v. Virginia (1821) - supreme court can review state courts’ decisions involving powers of the federal government

• Gibbons v. Ogden (1821) - the federal government is allowed to regulate interstate commerce

election of 1808

James Madison wins with Thomas Jefferson’s support