Chapter 1 Summary: Scientific Investigation, Planning, Ethics and Safety

These flashcards cover key concepts and terminology from Chapter 1, aiding in the study of scientific investigations, ethical considerations, and methodological practices in research.

Investigation Aim

The purpose of the study, written as a statement that includes the variables being studied.

Hypothesis

A statement predicting the probable outcomes of an investigation that will be tested.

Independent Variable (IV)

The variable that the researcher manipulates or changes during the investigation.

Dependent Variable (DV)

The variable that the researcher measures to see the effect of the independent variable.

Extraneous Variables

Variables other than the independent variable that may affect the dependent variable and results.

Controlled Variables

Variables that are held constant to ensure the only influence on the dependent variable is the independent variable.

Confounding Variables

Unwanted variables that affect the dependent variable and cannot be distinguished from the independent variable's effect.

Population

The particular group of people that the investigation question is created with in mind.

Random Sampling

Selecting participants from the population such that each member has an equal chance of being chosen.

Stratified Sampling

A sampling technique where the population is divided into subgroups and participants are randomly selected from each subgroup.

Controlled Experiment

An experimental investigation of the relationship between one or more independent variables and a dependent variable, with all other variables controlled.

Between Subjects Design

An investigation design where participants are randomly allocated to either the control or experimental condition.

Within Subjects Design

An investigation design where all participants complete both the experimental and control conditions.

Case Study

An investigation of a particular activity or behavior that includes real-world complexities.

Correlational Study

A study that involves planned observation and recording of events without manipulation to understand relationships between variables.

Fieldwork

An investigation methodology involving information collection by observing and interacting with a selected environment.

Literature Review

A review that collates and analyses existing findings to answer a research question and does not present new research.

Modelling and Simulation

Methods involving constructing models and using them to replicate and study behaviors of systems.

Integrity

The commitment to seeking knowledge and providing honest reporting of all sources.

Justice

The moral obligation to ensure fair treatment and distribution of benefits among groups.

Beneficence

The commitment to maximizing benefits and minimizing risks and harms.

Respect

Considering the value of living things and their capacity to make their own decisions.

Confidentiality

Ensuring that participant information is kept private and protected throughout the study.

Informed Consent

Procedures ensuring that participants agree to participate after being fully informed about the study.

Withdrawal Rights

Ensuring participants can discontinue their involvement in a study without penalty.

Deception

Withholding the true nature of a study from participants to avoid influencing their behavior.

Risk Assessment

A process to identify and reduce physical and psychological risks in research.