AP Human Geography: Unit 2 -Population and Migration Patterns and Processes (Vocabulary)

population distribution

the pattern of where people live

population density

a measurement of the population per unit area

arithmetic population density

number of people per unit area

physiological population density

number of people per unit of arable land

arable land

land that can be used for agriculture

carrying capacity

maximum population an area can support sustainably

overpopulation

when the carrying capacity is reached and the population is still growing

agricultural population density

the number of farmers per unit of arable land (less farmers = more land, divide farmers by the amount of arable land)

redistricting

process of drawing political boundaries after populations move

infrastructure

the facilities and structures that allow people to carry out their typical activities

population pyramid

Population tool for graphing population

baby boom

when peace resumes in an area and the birth rate spikes

baby bust

after a baby boom when the birth rates are lower for several years

dependency ratio

ratio of people not in the work for to the people in the labour force

crude birth rate (CBR)

number of live births per 1000 people

total fertility rate (TFR)

number of children born to the average woman of child bearing age in a country (15-49)

crude death rate (CDR)

number of deaths per 1000 people

rate of natural increase (RNI)

percentage that a country's population is growing or declining (RNI % = (CBR-CDR) / 10)

population doubling time

theoretical time that it will take for a country's population to double (population doubling time = 70/RNI)

infant mortality rate

number of deaths per 1000 births of children under 1

life expectancy

number of years an average person will live in a certain place

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

model that shows how populations change over time

DTM Stage 1

high birthrate; high death rate (little growth)

DTM Stage 2

high birthrate; falling death rate (rapid growth)

DTM Stage 3

falling birthrate; death rate remains low (population high at start stationary at end)

DTM Stage 4

low birthrate; low death rate (stable population)

DTM Stage 5

very low birthrate; low death rate but higher than birthrate (declining population)

Epidemiological Transition Model

model that predicts stages in life expectancy and disease as populations and economies of countries change

ETM Stage 1

pestilence and famine; infectious diseases and pandemics (high death rate, low life expectancy)

ETM Stage 2

receding pandemics; pandemics decline with improved healthcare (falling death rate, rising life expectancy)

ETM Stage 3

degenerative diseases; pandemics decline, aging diseases increase (low death rate, high life expectancy)

ETM Stage 4

delayed degenerative disease; extension of stage 3, but delaying aging diseases (death rate reaches lowest point, life expectancy reaches highest)

ETM Stage 5 *hypothetical stage

reemergence of infectious and parasitic disease; diseases become immune to modern medicine and adapt (increasing death rate, decreasing life expectancy

Pandemics

a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease over a whole country or the world at a particular time.

Epidemics

a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a region or specific place at a particular time.

Endemic

native to a certain place

Malthusian theory

a theory published by Thomas Malthus stating that food production increases though arithmetic means and population increases through geometric means. Meaning that there will reach a "point of crisis" where there is no longer enough food to feed the entire population, or famine.

Ester Boserup

argued that as the population increased, people would innovate in order to make food production keep up with the population increase.

neo-Malthusians

people in modern day who believe that the population will grow to a point where food production can no longer provide for people.

antinatalist policies

political policies that discourage people from having kids; lowers fertility rate

pronatalist policies

political policies that encourage more fertility; increases fertility rate

Migration

the permanent or semi-permanent relocation of people from one place to another

push factors

factors causing people to leave a place

pull factors

factors causing people to go to a place

intervening obstacles

barriers that make it difficult for migrants to reach their final destination

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

7 laws by Ernst Ravenstein on the general patterns of migration; Majority of people move a short distance; Migrants usually reach their final destination through a series of smaller moves - step migration; Migrants travelling long distances usually settle in cities; Most migrants move from rural areas to cities - rural to urban migration; Most migrants are young adults (20-45); Historically most international migrants are young males; All patterns of migration have an opposite effect, either physically or financially (counter migration)

rural-to-urban migration

internal migration from less developed areas to cities

counter migration

theory that states that all patterns of migration have an opposite effect, either physically or financially

voluntary migration

the movement of people who choose to migrate

forced migration

the movement of people who do not choose to migrate

internally displaced persons (IDPs)

a type of forced migration in which a person has to leave their home but does not cross any international borders. As such they are not protected by international law and do not receive legal protection or material assistance.

refugees

when a person has to leave their home and crosses international borders. Must need to apply for refugee status prior to arrival and prove that they "must not be able to return home safely". They receive legal protection and material assistance

asylum seekers

when a person has to leave their home and crosses international borders. They do not need to apply beforehand but rather need to prove that they "must not be able to return home safely" at the border. Receive legal protection and material assistance

transnational migration

a type of voluntary migration in which a person crosses international borders for personal reasons. Ex - going to the US to study from Asia.

internal migration

when you migrate to another place but do not cross any international borders.

Sun Belt

South, Southeast, and Southwest parts of the US which are currently experiencing population growth and increased job opportunities.

step migration

When a person moves in a series of small distances to reach their final destination. Ex - farm to town, town to rural area, rural area to city, city to popular place?

chain migration

when people migrate to stay with their family/friends.

transhumance migration

movement of/with seasonal livestock. Ex - COWS IN MONGOLIA.

guest worker

a person who leaves their home country to temporarily work in another place. They may return to their home country when their job has finished or their contract expires.

remittances

migrants send money to their friends/family to their home country

brain drain

occurs in origin countries, when the smart people migrate to another country, affects economic growth.