Ch+2-module 2

Matter

Anything that takes up space and has mass, existing in solid, liquid, or gas form.

Element

A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances and has unique properties.

Atomic Symbol

A unique 1-2 letter abbreviation for each element.

CHNOPS

The symbols for the most common elements in living organisms: Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur.

Atom

The smallest particle of an element that retains the element’s properties.

Proton

A positively charged sub-atomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom.

Neutron

A sub-atomic particle with no charge that is found in the nucleus and contributes to atomic mass.

Electron

A negatively charged sub-atomic particle that orbits the nucleus and determines the chemical properties of an atom.

Atomic Number

The number of protons in an atom, which determines the identity of the atom.

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element with differing numbers of neutrons.

Octet Rule

The principle that atoms are most stable when they have eight electrons in their outer shell.

Molecule

A group of two or more atoms bonded together.

Compound

A substance formed when two or more different types of atoms bond together.

Ionic Bond

A bond formed through the electrical attraction between positively and negatively charged ions.

Covalent Bond

A bond formed when pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms.

Nonpolar Bond

A bond where electrons are shared equally between atoms.

Polar Bond

A bond where electrons are shared unequally, resulting in slight positive and negative charges.

Hydrogen Bond

A weak bond formed when a hydrogen atom in a polar molecule is attracted to a nearby electronegative atom.

Cohesion

The property of water that allows it to stick to itself.

Adhesion

The property of water that allows it to stick to other substances.

Solvent

A substance that dissolves other substances; water is known as a universal solvent.

Hydrophilic

Substances that are attracted to water and can dissolve in it.

Hydrophobic

Substances that repel water and do not dissolve in it.

pH

A measure of acidity or basicity of a solution.

Buffer

A substance that helps to stabilize the pH of a solution.

High Heat Capacity

The amount of energy required to change the temperature of a substance, which helps stabilize environments.

High Heat of Vaporization

The amount of energy needed for liquid water to become gas, which is crucial for cooling processes.

________ is the central part of an atom containing protons and neutrons.

Nucleus

The basic unit of a chemical element is called an ________.

Atom

________ are charged particles formed when atoms gain or lose electrons.

Ions

The ________ is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, defining the element's identity.

Atomic Number

Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances are called ________.

Elements

A ________ bond involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

Covalent

The property of water that allows it to dissolve many substances is known as its ________ property.

Solvent

Water's tendency to remain cohesive due to hydrogen bonds is an example of ________.

Cohesion

When two atoms share electrons unequally, it results in a ________ bond.

Polar

The ________ rule states that atoms are most stable with eight electrons in their outer shell.

Octet