Chapter 4: Alternatives to Experimentation: Surveys and Interviews

• confidentiality

• anonymity

• emotional harm

• informed consent

Ethical considerations in research

• nominal

• ordinal

• interval

• ratio

Levels of Measurement

• Self-administered questionnaires

• Mail survey

• Computer and Internet survey

• Telephone survey

• Interviews

Ways in collecting survey data

• reliability

• validity

Evaluating survey and survey data

• simple random sampling

• systematic random sampling

• stratified random sampling

• cluster sampling

• quota sampling

• convenience sampling

• purposive sampling

• snowball sampling

nonprobability and probability sampling

• map research objectives

• design the survey items; open and close responses

steps in making survey

content analysis

responses are assigned to categories that are created from the data according to objectives rules or guidelines

• make it simple

• avoid complexity

• do not ask 2 things at once

• make it clear

tips for constructing good questions

Survey research

a useful way of obtaining information about people’s opinions, attitudes, preferences, and behaviors simply by asking

• written questionnaire

• face-to-face interviews

two most common survey techniques

1. relevant to the central topic

2. easy to answer

3. interesting

4. answerable by most participants

5. closed format

characteristics of the first questions by Czaja and Blair

• willingness to answer

• position preference

• yea-saying

• nay-saying

Response styles