Topic 2 - Molecular Biology

Step #1 to DNA replication

• Helicase unwinds the double helix and separates the two polynucleotide strands through breaking the hydrogen bonds

• The two separate strands will acts as a new templates for new complementary strands

Step #2 to DNA replication

• DNA polymerase starts adding the DNA from the 5 to 3 direction on the lead strands

• then 3 to 5 from the lag strand because DNA is always coded from 5 to 3

Step #1 to Transcription

• RNA polymerase separates the DNA strands to make a complementary RNA strand

Step #2 of Transcription

• Ribonucleoside triphosphates align opposite to their complementary base partner

Step #3 of Transcription

• RNA polymerase removes phosphate groups

Step #4 of Transcription

• The RNA sequence detaches through the RNA polymerase and the double helix forms

Step #1 for Translation

• Ribosomes bind to mRNA in the cytoplasm and move along the molecule in a 5 to 3 direction until it reaches a start codon

Step #2 for Translation

• Anticodons on the tRNA align opposite codons with complementary base pairing

Step #3 for Translation

Each tRNA molecule carries a specific amino acid

Step #4 for Translation

• Ribosomes catalyse the formation of pepetide bonds between adjacent acids

Step #5 for Translation

• The Ribosome moves along the mRNA molcule until it makes a popypeptide chain until it reaches a stop cdon

Step #1 for Gene Transfer

• Isolating the gene and the vector

• DNA can be isolated through centrifugation

• And bacteria is a vector

Step #2 for Gene Transfer

• Restriction enzymes cut at specific recognition sites

• Generates sticky ends

Step #3 for Gene Transfer

• Ligation of Vector and Insert

• Complimentary base pairing through DNA Ligase

• Fusing the sugar phosphate backbones together

Step #4 for Gene Transfer

• Finding Transgenic cells through filtering with Antibiotics and their the cells that will produced the desired DNA