micro: chapter 3 - the cell

spontaneous generation

life can arise from nonliving matter at any moment

what did redi do

ran experiments with meat and maggots to disprove spontaneous generation

what did needham do

boiled broth to kill microbes but they still grew , believed in spontaneous generation

what did spallanzani do

repeated redi and needham’s experiments, disproved needham

what did pasteur do

officially disprove spontaneous generation with swan neck experiment

tenet #1

cells are the basic unit of life

tenet #2

all cells come from existing cells

what did hooke do

cork tissues - “cells”

what did schleidin do

discovered plant tissue

what did schwann do

discovered animal tissue

what did remak do

came up with the idea that cells come from other cells (cell division), original idea

what did virchow do

published cellular pathology, plagiarized

what is the endosymbiotic theory

mitochondria and chloroplasts were originally prokaryotic cells that established a symbiotic relationship with a eukaryotic host

what did mereschkowoski do

chloroplasts involvement in endosymbiotic theory

what did wallin do

mitochondria involvement in endosymbiotic theory

what did margulis do

used DNA, fossil, biochem, organelle evidence to support endosymbiotic theory

who published symbiosis and cell evolution

lynn margulis

what does the first endosymbiotic event result in

mitochondria

what does the second endosymbiotic event result in

chloroplasts

what is the germ theory of disease

diseases may result from microbial infection

what did fracastoro do

proposed that spores can be transferred between people

what did semmelweis do

introduced hadwashing and puerperal fever

what is puerperal fever

dying because of infection given through the birthing process at hospital because drs wouldnt wash hands

what snow do

cholera contaminated water in london

what did pasteur do

because food could spoil due to microbes, so could humans

what did lister do

introduced post-surgical mortality and carbolic acid for handwashing

what did koch do

postulated a specific microbe can cause a specific disease

what are common elements in every cell

cytoplasm, plasma membrane, chromosomes, ribosomes

prokaryotes

no “true” nucleus

eukaryotes

true nucleus

prokaryotic unique elements

nucleoid, inclusions, plasmids, pili, fimbriae, endospore

cell wall

aids in protections against osmotic pressure changes, maintain cellular rigidity/structure

isotonic solution

same amount of solutes inside and outside cell

hypertonic solution

more solutes outside cell, water moves out of cell

plasmolysis

cell membrane shrinks and detaches from cell wall , yes cell wall

crenation

shrinks into raisin looking like thing in hypertonic solution without cell wall

hypotonic solution

low solute outside cell, water move into cell

nucleoid

centralized region of genetic material

plasmids

non-essential, can confer specialization

prokaryotic ribosomes

70s(50s+30s)

prokaryotic large subunit

50s

prokaryotic small subunit

30s

inclusions

structures used for storage of glycogens, starches, etc

polyhydroxybutrate (phb)

biodegradable plastics

volutin granules

polymerized inorganic phosphates for biofilm

magnetosomes

magnetic iron oxide or iron sulfide

gas vacuole

protien-lined vesicle of gas that alters buoyancy

carboxysome

RuBisCo and carbonic anhydrase for carbon metabolism

endospores

structure formed in dormant state to protect genome

when does germination occur

when endospore is in favorable condition

vegetative cell characteristics

• sensitive to extreme temps

• gram-pos

• normal metabolic activity

• capable of active growth

endospore characteristics

• resistant to extreme temps

• do not absorb gram stain, only endospore stain

• no metabolic activty

• dormant, no growth

cell/plasma membrane

present in all organisms, has selective permeability, phospholipid bilayer

lipid bilayer

bacteria and eukaryotes

lipid monolayer

some archaea

passive transport

diffusion of molecules

facilitated diffusion

movement of molecules with help of carrier protiens

active transport

membrane proteins that move molecules with atp

group translocation

molecule chemically modified as it enters a cell against unfavorable concentration gradient

cyanobacteria

thylakoids

photosynthetic bacteria

chromatophores, lamellae, chlorosomes

cell wall function

protect cell from adverse conditions

what is peptidoglycan (bacteria)

major component of cell wall and provides shape

gram postive cell wall

thicker cell wall, stains purple

gram negative cell wall

thinner cell wall, stains red

gram positive acid-fast bacteria

mycobacteria that have mycolic acid

gram postive bacteria

teichoic acid

gram negative bacteria

lipopolysaccharide (contributes to fever, shock, and hemorrhaging

cell wall - archaea

pseudopeptidoglycan (fake cell wall), some archaea have it

glycocalyx

sugar coat outside cell wall that allows cells to adhere to surfaces, protect against desiccation and/or antibiotics and disinfectants

capsule

tightly attached, polysaccharides or proteins

slime layer

loosely attached, polysaccharides, glycoprotiens, glycolipids

fimbriae

numerous, short, bristly appendges that aid in attachment

pili

fewer, longer appendages that in attachment or transfer of DNA (sex pilus)

flagella

used to move in aqueous environment towards an environmental signal

phototaxis

light signal moving toward/away from light

chemotaxis

chemical signal, moving towards/away from chemicals

magnetotaxis

using magnetism (from inclusions) to move itself within magnetic field

flagella basic structures

basal body, hook, filament

monotrichous

one flagella at one polar end

amphitrichous

2 flagellas at either polar end

lophotrichous

one single TUFT as one polar end

peritrichous

lots of tufts, hair everywhere

flagella run direction

counter clockwise

flagella tumble direction

clockwise

eukaryotic cell unique elements

nucleus, mitochondria, er, golgi, lysosomes, peroxisome, cytoskeleton, cilia, chloroplasts

nucleus

DNA surrounded by a membrane, chromosomes are linear

nucleoid

centralized region in prokaryotes that contain genetic material

nucleolus

dense region in nucleus where rRNA is synthesized

eukaryotic ribosomes

80s(40s+60s)

eukaryotic large ribosomes

60s

eukaryotic small ribosomes

40s

endomembrane system organelles

er (smooth and rough), golgi, lysosomes, vesicles

endomembrane system function

move materials around & within the cell

er function

synthesis of various molecules

rough er

ribosomes re present & synthesizes protiens

smooth er

no ribosomes and synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbs, and detoxifies

golgi function

modifies lipids and proteins that arrive from er , vesicles carry modified molecules to other patrs of cell

lysosomes function

break down food, damaged organelles or cellular debris, contain digestive enzymes

is the peroxisome apart of the endomemebrane system

NO