sac cj

Behaviors that society considered deviant... pg. 6

Mala in se, statutory crime

Which perspective argues that the laws are made to serve to represent the interest of the public majority? ... pg 6

Consensus perspective

The crime control model is mainly focused on... pg 14

Emphasizes the efficient arrest and processing of alleged criminal offenders

Besides changing the law, how can the legislature influence the criminal justice system?...pg 18

Legislators decide how much money the country will spend on prisons, policing, the court system, and victim services. Instead of passing new laws, lawmakers can make access to the federal funds dependent on states' compliance with certain standards.

Media reports on violent crimes, such as murder, give viewers the impression that... pg 17

Media reports fuel fear of crime. The media leads people to believe that violent crime frequently occurs.

What percentage of African American males age 20-29 are under the supervision of the criminal justice system?... pg 19

Nearly one-third of black males aged 20-29 are under some form of criminal justice supervision on any given day.

Of the following statements, which is true about youths and the drug use?

What have many jurisdictions recently established in an effort to deal with all the individuals in the criminal justice system with mental health problems? .. pg 21

Many jurisdictions have established specialized mental health courts to reverse the overrepresentation of the mentally ill individuals in incarceration.

After black males, this group has the second highest incarceration rate... pg 19

Latino males 1,419 imprisoned per every 100,000 U.S. residents.

According to the Innocence Project, more than\___offenders have been exonerated due to DNA evidence between 1989 and December 2010... pg 23

266

Your friend wants to examine changes in the murder rate of the last 10 years. What data source would be the best for him to use?... pg 29

Uniform Crime Reports (UCR): an annual series of U.S. statistical measures of the incidence of selected crimes reported by police departments and compiled by the FBI.

Police arrest an offender who has broken into a victim's home, raped the resident, and then murdered her. When the police report the incident to the UCR, it will be reported as a... pg 30-31

Victim survey: interviews with individuals(including but not limited to actual victims) who have been personally affected by specific crimes.

National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS): a statistical sampling of households and individuals who have been personally victimized by specific crimes.

The "dark figure of crime" refers to... pg 31

The group of unreported and unrecorded crimes revealed by the crime victim surveys

Children are more likely to be victimized by... pg 36 pg 44

Children are vulnerable to abuse by parents and caregivers.

Adults have victimized children throughout history.

Murderers who kill multiple victims over a long period of time are what? ...pg 38

Serial killers

About what percentage of sexual assaults are reported to the police?... pg 41

1 in 4 or 25% of sexual assaults are reported to the police.

Which group contains the most individuals serving time for drug use in the United States?...pg 56

Although more whites use drugs, there are more blacks incarcerated as a result of using drugs.

Which of the following is a difference between the Schedule I and Schedule II drugs?...pg 54

Schedule I

The drug or other substance has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States.

There is a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or other substances under medical supervision

Schedule II

The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States or a currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions.

Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence.

What is the primary cause of the increased prison and jail population?

more people are being incarcerated for drug-related offenses, including women and minorities

Since 1980, the rate of murderers committed by females has...pg 64

Women are much less likely than men to commit assault or murder, and the rate of murders committed by women has declined since 1980.

Determinism is the idea that... pg 72

The idea that criminal behavior is a product of biological, psychological, and social forces that are beyond the person's control.

Lombroso's name for born criminals whose biological inferiorities could be seen in their physical features was...pg 72

Atavism: The belief that criminals are evolutionally primitive or subhuman people characterized by certain "inferior" identifiable physical and mental characteristics.

Studies that examine brain scans find that impulse murderers have...pg 75

Shades of blue and green in the prefrontal cortex, reflecting reduced activity in this region.

High levels of which hormone have been linked to aggressive behavior?..pg 75

testosterone

Which of the following is the best predictor of criminal behavior?...pg 76

DNA

What percentage of U.S. adults suffer from schizophrenia?... pg 79

Approximately 1% of U.S. adults have a form of this debilitating mental disorder.

What percentage of U.S. adults suffer from a major depressive disorder marked with such feelings as guilt and worthlessness? ...Pg 79

Approximately 6%

Which of the following is a disorder of personality revealed by a lifelong pattern of antisocial behavior about which an individual has no remorse?...pg 80

Psychopathy

Marc is a member of a gang. As a member, he engages in a great deal of criminal activity. He often steals from Wal-Mart and sells them off for cash on the street. He argues that his actions are not wrong because everyone does "bad stuff". Even the judge and police officers commit worse acts than stealing. Which technique of neutralization does this represent?...pg 88

Condemnation of the condemners

Which theory emerged in the United States following the turbulent 1960s and its variety of social movements?...pg 89

Social conflict theory

How is criminal law distinguished from civil law?...pg 110

Civil law governs relationships between individuals.

Criminal law operates under the assumption that society--rather than an individual--has been injured by the defendant's actions.

Only the government may bring criminal cases. The prosecutor decides whether or not to go after the criminal.

Defendants who lose criminal cases may have to pay fines to the government, may be sent to jail or prison, or may even be put to death in some jurisdictions.

Criminal defendants are found guilty, civil defendants are found liable.

Criminal convictions seems to bring greater moral condemnation from society than does losing a civil lawsuit.

Criminal defendants are entitled to a number of legal protections, such as those written in the Constitution. Civil defendants do not automatically have such protections.

In a criminal case, victims have very little control or influence on the case. They have much more influence in a civil case.

The standard of proof in criminal cases is high. The criminal must be proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. In civil cases, the party that proves its case by preponderance of the evidence can win.

The standard of proof in a civil case is...pg 111

preponderance

Which of the following in NOT a crime category?...pg 111-113 (Note: these ARE categories).

Felony: a serious criminal offense that brings a potential punishment of a year or more in state or federal prison.

Misdemeanor: a criminal offense that is punished by fines of a maximum of a year in a county or city jail.

Infraction: A minor violation of a local ordinance or state law that brings a potential punishment of fines.

An infraction is... pg 113

A minor violation of a local ordinance or state law that brings a potential punishment of fines.

A(n)\______ may result in a death sentence...pg 112

felony

Which of the following is NOT an element of a crime?...pg 113 (Note: these ARE elements).

Corpus delicti: "the body of the crime"; the specific elements that must be proved to convict someone of a specific offense.

Actus Reus: the specific act required to convict a person for a specific crime

Mens rea: the level of criminal intent, or the mental state usually required to convict a person of a criminal act.

Other elements of a crime:

Causation: a particular result must occur

Concurrence: the mens rea and the actus reus must occur at more or less the same time and in concert.

Which player in the courtroom must prove that mens rea exists in a criminal case?..pg 116

The judge and the jury

Which statement is true regarding the insanity defense?...pg 123-125

Judge and jury determine whether the defendant was insane at the time of the crime

Insanity implies diminished or no criminal responsibility based on a lack of mens rea

Insane defendant is sent to psychiatric facility

The court has established a system of definitions, guidelines, and practices that enables them to assess the mental state of a defendant

According to this insanity standard, the defendant is unable to know the nature and quality of the act as being wrong, or unable to distinguish right from wrong...pg 125

The McNaughtan Rule

\______is the criminal intent or mental state of the defendant at the time of the crime...pg 115

Mens rea

Which of the following is a mission of preventive patrol? Pg 138

Officers' maintenance of a visible presence in communities to serve as a deterrent to a variety of street-level crimes

Tammy wants to become a police officer. However, she has not finished the minimum education requirements that her local police department requires. Tammy accepted a position as a records technician at the police department. Tammy is considered to be...

\_____means there is a lack of coordination among law enforcement agencies...pg 146

fragmentation

Sergeant Thomas is responsible for recruiting new police officers for his police department. His first step is... pg 147-148

To make sure the candidates have good oral and written communication skills, are fit both physically and psychologically, have a solid employment history, and are free of convictions for criminal offenses.

Training requirements for local law enforcement agencies are usually determined by...pg 152

states

Police occupational subculture is a set of beliefs held by...pg 153

Most officers in any given country

The\_____places loyalty to fellow officers above all other values...pg 155

Blue code of silence

\_____allows officers to act in a manner they judge most appropriate in a given situation...pg 156

Discretion

Which of the following is an example of racial profiling?...pg 157

Who's more likely to commit a crime or use drugs

The key to a successful investigation of police misconduct means...pg 162

The key to a successful investigation is the ease with which people can register complaints.

Maintaining order is also known as...pg 171

Peacekeeping activities, including enforcement of quality of life laws such as no loitering

\_____is a policing strategy based on conducting specific and detailed research on a community's problems to discover the underlying dynamics of crime...pg 173

Problem-oriented policing

\_____is a policing strategy that depends on getting community members to address the problems that plague their neighborhoods...pg 175

Community-oriented policing

Which is NOT a component of SARA, a model of problem-oriented policing?...pg 174 (Note: these ARE components)

Analysis, response, and assessment

Wilson and Kelling's broken windows theory argues that there is a relationship between higher crime rates and...pg 179

The deterioration of a neighborhood

Newly appointed deputy sheriffs are usually first assigned to \______details...pg 185

Newly appointed deputy sheriffs commonly serve a stint in the country's jail facility before being assigned to patrol, traffic, or investigative details.