eng 4th mnthly

research

defined as a systematic and organized process of

collecting, organizing, analyzing, and

interpreting data to find answers to people’s

queries

the prefix “re” which

means again and the word “search” meaning

to look for something

→ means to look for something again

research is coined from two words

• Identify research

problem and state

research question

• Review related

  literature

• Formulate

  framework and

  hypothesis

• Choose data

  collection

  method and

  analysis

• Collect and organize data

• Analyze data and test hypotheses

• interpret data

• Conclude and make

  recommendations

what is the scientific method in research cycle

qualitative

quantitative

2 general methods of research

qualitative

→ characteristics

Expressed in texts

→ Sample size is small

→ Data is interpreted

→ Explore ideas

→ Open ended question

quantitative

→ Expressed in numbers (numerically)

→ Large sample size

→ Data is analyzed by mathematical tools

→ Confirm hypothesis

→ Close ended questions

BASIC (PURE) RESEARCH

APPLIED RESEARCH

two types of research

BASIC (PURE) RESEARCH

→ the aim is to come up with a new

knowledge or contribute to the existing

body of knowledge

→ an explanation is introduced about an

existing or new idea

→ aims to expand knowledge and

understanding of a subject without

immediate practical application.

applied research

→ the aim is to find applications for the

theories or create a product employing

the existing idea or theory.

→ seeks practical solutions for current

challenges.

→ focuses on solving specific problems or

addressing practical issues.

qualitative research

→ employs qualitative methods and deals

with the characteristics observed from

the respondents with minimal to no use

of statistical analysis

quantitative research

→ uses quantitative procedures where the

respondents traits are translated

numerically

→ focuses on the analysis and

interpretation of the raw numerical data

gathered based on the statistical

outcomes.

• Identify the research problem

• Formulate hypotheses and design the study

• Collect and organize data

• Analyze data and test hypotheses

• Interpret data

• Report the results

what is the research process

research problems

are those that

cause unfavourable circumstances in a

community or an organization, further

investigation as recommended by

previous research studies, or gaps in any

field of study

heart of a research

research hypotheses

an intellectual

guess or tentative answer to the

research questions

data collection

is the process of

gathering information by means of a

defined method in order to support the

hypothesis.

→ data analysis

is the process of

examining data against the

preconceived hypotheses

member-checking

the process of a

need to return to the research subjects

for validation purposes

information

a news of knowledge received or given by someone

primary sources

Immediate first-hand accounts

• Created at the time of an event or very soon

after something has happened

secondary sources

A text that analyzes, assesses, or interprets a

primary source

• Secondhand, published accounts that are

created after primary sources

• Can give additional opinions on a past event or

on a primary source

variable

Central idea

• Characteristic or attribute that takes on different

values

independent

dependent

intervening

antecedent

what are the operational variables

independent variable

Causes the change in a phenomenon or situation

change, treatment, antecedent, predictor

dependent variable

effects brought by independent variable

outcome, effect, response

nominal

ordinal

ratio

interval

what are the four levels of measurement used to categorize data

nominal

enable classification of individuals. Categorization into distinct groups

without any inherent order or

ranking between them.

ordinal

same as nominal but ranked. Allows for data to be categorized

and ranked.

ratio

Has all the characteristics of ordinal, nominal, and interval,/

data, plus a true zero point, which

allows for meaningful calculations of

ratios between values. fixed starting point. fixed amount

interval

data can be categorized and raned and evenly spaced. has no zero value since zero does not actually represent none

categorical (qualitative) - nominal and ordinal (NO)

numerical (quantitative) - ratio and interval (RI)

two groups of variables

categorical (qualitative) - nominal and ordinal (NO)

variables may be classified into categories and or may be placed in rank order

• Verification of existing knowledge

• Acquisition of new knowledge

• Application of new knowledge

• Advancement of the Researcher’s Expertise

aims of research

exploration

description

explanation

functions of research

realistic (empirical)

logical

cyclical

analytical

objective

critical

replicable

what are the characteristics of research

realistic

valid evidences of investigations

logical

valid, definite principles & procedures

cyclical

it starts with a problem and ends with

another

analytical

proper analysis of data

objective

free from bias or prejudice

critical

careful and precise

replicable

researchers can redo or repeat investigation

exploration, exploratory investigation

when its purpose is to provide a foundation

for future studies, the research is called an

description, descriptive research

when the primary purpose of research is to

give additional information on newly

discovered ideas that are results of

exploration, it is called

explanation, explanatory research

the task of looking at how things are

connected and how they interact is the

primary purpose of an ______________,

aims to explain relationships existing

between variables, quantitatively or

qualitatively.

sources of information

various places or channels from which one can obtain knowledge or data.

diary

record of daily experiences and events.

journal

personal record of thoughts, ideas and observations.

autobiography

is the story of a person's life, written by that person. 

biography

is the life history of an individual, written by someone else