US History - Social Movements and Civil Rights

Emmet Till

• Died to white violence

• Open Casket revealed truths about brutality

• Started the civil rights movement

Brown V Board of Education

• Supreme Court ruled that separating children based on color in public schools was unconstitutional

• 1954

Attica

• Prisoners right movement held at the prison

• Prisoners took over part of the prison that lasted for a few days

• Poor living conditions for prisoners

• Resulted in change

Roe Vs. Wade

• 1973

• Was a Supreme Court decision

• Guaranteed abortion rights

• Overturned in 2022

Rudolfo “Corky” Gonzales

• Organized people in urban cities and political organizing

• Worked with black power leaders

• Famous for “Yo Soy Joaquin” poem that described Chicano struggles

Cesar Chavez

• Promoted non-violence

• Nonviolent activist

• Organized farm workers (UFW)

• Did hunger strikes and boycotts of grapes

Dolores Huerta

• Large role in feminist movements

• Co-founded UFW, did more work than Cesar Chavez

Gloria Steinem

• Became spokesperson of women’s liberation movement

• Journalist/undercover as playboy bunny

• Writer of Ms. Magazine that arrested women’s rights issues

• Encouraged women to enter politics

Harvey Milk

• First openly gay person to be elected into office

• Assassinated

Equal Rights Amendment

• Would’ve created an amendment that meant under law, men and women are created equally

• Received backlash so it was never ratified

American-Indian Movement

• An organization (AIM) inspired by black panthers and Chicano movement

• Goals were to have cultural pride and eliminate poverty

Wounded Knee

• AIM’s had a forceful confrontation with the police for 3 months

Stonewall Uprising

• Gay bar, young people refused to run away

• Fought against raiding cops

Thurgood Marshall

• Black Lawyer for the civil rights movement

• For in Brown Vs Board of education

• Fought for abortion rights

• Fought to dismantle segregation

Freedom Summer

• SNCC and groups brought college student dot Mississippi to register black voters

• 3 activists murdered in a church

• 1964

Montgomery Bus Boycott

• Rosa Parks arrested for refusing to give up her seat

• Led by MLK

• Boycott: Refusal protest

• MLK is now a national leader

• 1955-56

Little Rock 9

• 9 black students facing angry white mobs

• Required federal intervention and military protection

• Non—violent civil disobedience

• 1957

Sit-ins

• People occupying an area and refusing to leave

• 4 black students refused to leave a Woolworth

Freedom Riders

• Groups rode buses into Deep South to test federal laws banning segregation to interstate travel

• Were attacked

• Media coverage

• 1961

March on Washington

• 250k people marched to DC to demand:

• Civil rights

• Economic justice

• I have a dream speech

• 1963

Birmingham Campaign

• Led by MLK and SCLC

• Goal: End Segregation

• Mass Protests

• Media Coverage

• Attacked by police

• Embarrassed US to the world

• 1963

Civil Rights Act of 1964

• Prohibits unequal application of voter registration requirements, racial segregation, and employment discrimination

Selma Campaign

• Marches from Selma to Montgomery for voting rights

• Bloody Sunday

• Peaceful protesters attack on Edmund Polaris

• Led to voting rights act of 1985 passing

• Showed voter suppression in the south

• 1965

Defacto/Dejure Segregation

Defacto: Segregation in practice

Dejure: What’s noted in legal code

Watts Riots

• Caused by police brutality

• Newsbroadcasted it as immorality of black people

• LA

Malcolm x

• Parents followed the back to Africa movement

• Separated from family at a young age

• Become a criminal in Harlem, grew an addiction

• Joined the Nation of Islam, became national minister

X

• Represents an unknown till they get their freedom and culture back

MLK

• lives for 5 years after his speech

• Starts to focus on poverty

• Spoke against the Vietnam war

• Assassinated in Memphis Tennessee

• Made poor people’s campaign

Black Panthers

• African American revolutionary party

• Protected protests and African Americans

• Founders:

• Bobby seal

• Huey P. Newton

• Started free breakfast programs, health clinics and schools

Cointelpro

• Program within FBI sought to destroy the civil rights movement and MLK

Busing

• Way to integrate schools by sending kids to different schools in different neighborhoods

Free speech movement

• Took place at UC Berkeley

• 1964

• First incident of student rebellion

• Mario Savio, leader of the movement

• First of many college protests

Shirley Chishelm

First black woman to run for president

Experienced sexism more than racism

Occupation of Alcatraz

• 1969

• AIM took over Alcatraz for a year and a half

• Brought national attention to Indian movement