ANAPHY 12

Lymphatic system

What system is responsible for returning excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream?

Lymph

What term is used for interstitial fluid once it enters lymphatic vessels?

20 liters

How many liters of plasma are released into interstitial spaces daily?

17 liters

How many liters are directly reabsorbed by blood vessels?

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Lymphedema

What condition results from accumulation of protein-rich interstitial fluid?

lymph nodes

Which structure acts as a staging area for immune responses?

500-600 lymph nodes

Approximately how many lymph nodes are found in the human body?

Lymphatic capillaries

What are the open-ended vessels where lymph formation begins?

Central nervous system

Which body system does NOT contain lymphatic vessels?

Valves

What gives lymphatic vessels a beaded appearance?

Right lymphatic duct

Which duct drains the right upper side of the body?

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Thoracic duct

Which duct drains most of the body?

Cisterna chyli

Where does the thoracic duct begin?

Left subclavian vein

The thoracic duct drains into which vein?

Veins

Superficial lymphatics usually follow the path of what vessels?

Barrier defenses, innate response, adaptive response

What are the three phases of immune defense?

Innate immune response

Which immune response is rapid and nonspecific?

Adaptive immune response

Which immune response is slower but specific?

Bone marrow

Where do immune cells originate?

Hematopoietic stem cells

What stem cells produce all blood cells?

B cells and T cells

What are the two main types of lymphocytes?

Red bone marrow

Where do B cells mature?

Thymus

Where do T cells mature?

B cells

Which lymphocytes produce antibodies?

Plasma cells

What do activated B cells become?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

What structure is abundant in plasma cells?

Natural killer (NK) cells

Which lymphocytes participate in innate immunity?

Cytotoxic granules

What do NK cells contain that kills infected cells?

apoptosis

NK cells induce what type of cell death?

Viruses and cancer cells

NK cells are effective against what pathogens?

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Bone marrow, thymus, spleen

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

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Secondary lymphoid organs

Where do immune responses occur?

A mature lymphocyte that has not encountered antigen

What is a naïve lymphocyte?

lymph nides and spleen

Which organs contain germinal centers?

high endothelial venules

What vessels allow lymphocytes to enter lymph nodes from blood?

filter lymph

What is the main function of lymph nodes?

What vessels bring lymph into lymph nodes

Efferent lymphatic vessels

What vessels carry lymph out?

Germinal centers

Where are rapidly dividing B cells found?

Medula

What part of the lymph node contains plasma cells?

Spleen

What organ is called the "filter of the blood"?

Dark red

What color is the spleen due to vascularization?

Red pulp

What part of the spleen filters blood?

White pulp

Where do adaptive immune responses occur in the spleen?

Respiratory and digestive tracts

Where are lymphoid nodules commonly found?

Skin

What is the primary physical barrier of the body?

Lysozome

What enzyme in saliva destroys bacteria?

Mucus

What traps pathogens in respiratory passages?

Acidic pH

What stomach feature kills pathogens?

Cilia

What moves mucus upward in the respiratory tract?

Phagocytosis

What process allows cells to engulf pathogens?

Macrophages and neutrophils

Which cells are major phagocytes?

Monocytes

What cell type is a precursor to macrophages?

Macrophages

Which phagocytes are first responders in tissues?

Neutrophils

Which phagocytes act as reinforcements?

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Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

What receptors detect pathogen patterns?

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Cell signaling molecules

What are cytokines?

Chemokines

What attract immune cells to infection sites?

Interferones

What antiviral proteins are released by infected cells?

Opsonization

What process tags pathogens for phagocytosis?

Liver

Where are complement proteins made?

Heat, redness, pain, swelling

What are the four signs of inflammation?

Histamine

What chemical causes vasodilation?

Answer: Histamine

Prostaglandis

What causes pain during inflammation?

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Dead neutrophils

What substance accumulates at infection sites as pus?

Answer: Dead neutrophils

Primary adaptive response

What is the first exposure to a pathogen called?

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Secondary adaptive response

What response is faster upon re-exposure?

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Immunological memmory

What provides long-term protection?

T lymphocytes

What cells control adaptive immunity?

Clonal expansion

What process increases T cell numbers?

Helper T cells

CD4 T cells are also called what?

Cytotoxic T cells

CD8 T cells are known as what?

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Th1 cells

Which T cells activate macrophages?

Th2 cells

Which T cells stimulate antibody production?

Regulatory T cells

Which T cells suppress immune responses?

Agglutination

What causes bacteria clumping?

Artificially acquired active immunity

What immunity is produced by vaccines?

Passive immunity

What immunity comes from maternal antibodies?

IgG

Which antibody crosses the placenta?

IgA

Which antibody is found in breast milk?

Rising antibodies with declining virus levels

What is seroconversion?

Cytotoxic cells

What cells kill virus-infected cells?

HUV/AIDS

What disease destroys the immune system?

SCID

What is the most severe inherited immunodeficiency?

Type 1 hyoersensitivity

What hypersensitivity involves IgE?

Answer: Type I hypersensitivity

Autoimmune disease

What disease results from self-attack?