PhysioEx: Blood Analysis

Hematocrit

of 40 means that 40% of the volume of blood consists of RBCs.

The diagnosis of anemia indicates

a lower-than-normal hematocrit

Polycythemia refers to

a significant increase in RBCs.

Predict how the hematocrits of the patients living in Denver, Colorado (approximately one mile above sea level), will compare with the hematocrit levels of the patients living in Boston, Massachusetts (at sea level).

The hematocrits of the Denver residents will be higher than those of the Boston residents.

Why would the hemoglobin levels of an anemic patient be lower than the hemoglobin levels of a normal, healthy individual?

Because hemoglobin resides in RBCs, you would anticipate a low hematocrit level to coincide with a low hemoglobin level

Anemia refers to

a lower-than-normal hematocrit

To complete the blood test to measure hematocrit, you must seal the blood-containing capillary tubes on one end with a clay material so that

the blood sample can be centrifuged without having the blood spray out of the tube

Possible causes of polycythemia include

living at high altitudes.

You would expect anemia to develop in a person

who has abnormally shaped hemoglobin in their RBCs

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

is increased whenever fibrinogen and immunoglobulins cause the RBCs to clump together, stack up, and form a column.

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) measures

the settling of RBCs in a vertical, stationary tube of whole blood during one hour.

An increase in the ESR is

associated with worsening of anemia

To properly measure the ESR, you need

a 1-hour timer.

A protein found in red blood cells, __________, is necessary for the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the body.

hemoglobin (Hb)

Anemia results when

There is inadequate hemoglobin in the red blood cells, and insufficient oxygen is carried in the blood.

How much hemoglobin does normal adult human blood contain?

12–18 g/100 ml.

How will the hemoglobin levels for the female Olympic athlete (sample 5) compare with the hemoglobin levels for the healthy female (sample 2)?

The hemoglobin levels for the female Olympic athlete will be greater than those for the healthy female.

Why is the average hematocrit higher in males than in females

Higher testosterone levels in males promotes more RBC production.

Which of the following diseases is known to increase hemoglobin levels in an individual

polycythemia

Which of the following is known to decrease hemoglobin levels in an individual?

cirrhosis of the liver

Red blood cell membranes have

agglutinogens that specify that individual's blood type.

Which of the following statements about blood types is correct?

A person with type O blood has two recessive alleles and has neither the type A nor type B antigen.

Antibodies to the A and B antigens are

found preformed in the blood plasma.

If the patient's blood type is AB , what would be the appearance of the A, B, and Rh samples

A, clumped; B, clumped; Rh, unclumped.

Why are individuals with the AB blood type known as universal recipients for blood transfusions

They have both A and B antigens on the surface of their RBCs, and their blood serum does not contain antibodies against A, B, or Rh antigens.

To determine an individual's blood type, drops of the blood sample are mixed

separately with antiserum containing antibodies that recognize either type A antigens, type B antigens, or Rh antigens.

Antigens

are present on all cells.

ABO and Rh agglutinogens

cause the most vigorous and potentially fatal transfusion reactions

LDLs have been identified as

a potential source of damage to the interior of arteries.

A desirable level of total cholesterol per deciliter of blood is

between 100 and 200 milligrams.

Abnormal levels of total cholesterol per deciliter of blood could be caused by

liver disease

Patient 4 prefers to cook all his meat in lard or bacon grease. Knowing this dietary preference, you anticipate his total cholesterol level to be

abnormally high

Abnormally high levels of total cholesterol can be indicative of

poor diet and eating habits.

Oxygen is attached to _______.

an iron atom located on the heme portion of hemoglobin

a calcium atom located on the heme portion of hemoglobin

a calcium atom located on the globin portion of hemoglobin

an iron atom located on the globin portion of hemoglobin

an iron atom located on the heme portion of hemoglobin

The oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is evaluated using _______.

hemoglobin measurements

hematocrit measurements and cholesterol measurements

hematocrit measurements

cholesterol measurements

hematocrit measurements and hemoglobin measurements

hematocrit measurements and hemoglobin measurements

Release of which of the following hormones results in higher levels of erythrocytes?

estrogen and erythropoietin

testosterone and erythropoietin

erythropoietin

testosterone

estrogen

testosterone and erythropoietin

Which type of anemia is a genetic disorder resulting in abnormally shaped erythrocytes?

sickle cell anemia

pernicious anemia

aplastic anemia

polycythemia

sickle cell anemia

The blood sample from which of the following had the highest hematocrit?

a healthy female living in Denver

a healthy female living in Boston

a healthy male living in Denver

a healthy male living in Boston

healthy male living in Denver

The blood sample(s) from which of the following displayed polycythemia?

a healthy male living in Boston

a healthy male living in Boston and a healthy male living in Denver

a healthy male living in Denver

a healthy female living in Denver

a healthy female living in Denver and a healthy male living in Denver

a healthy female living in Denver and a healthy male living in Denver

The hematocrit for the female with iron-deficiency anemia was _______.

normal

below normal

above normal and indicative of polycythemia

indicative of polycythemia

above normal

below normal

Which of the following would indicate a worsening of the disease?

decreased ESR with angina

decreased ESR with acute appendicitis

decreased ESR with pelvic inflammatory disease

increased ESR with rheumatoid arthritis

increased ESR with rheumatoid arthritis

Rouleaux formation is characterized by _______.

an increase in ESR and a decrease in fibrinogen production

a decrease in ESR and a decrease in fibrinogen production

an increase in ESR

a decrease in fibrinogen production

a decrease in ESR

an increase in ESR

ESR is useful in distinguishing between _______.

angina and a myocardial infarction

angina and a myocardial infarction as well as acute appendicitis and ruptured ectopic pregnancy

rheumatoid arthritis and bone cancer

acute appendicitis and ruptured ectopic pregnancy

All of the above are correct.

angina and a myocardial infarction as well as acute appendicitis and ruptured ectopic pregnancy

Erythrocyte sedimentation relies upon _______.

blood pressure

filtration

centrifugation

gravity

gravity

Which of the following had the fastest sedimentation rate?

the individual with sickle cell anemia

the individual with angina pectoris

the healthy individual

the individual suffering a myocardial infarction

the individual suffering a myocardial infarction

Which sample did NOT settle at all in one hour?

the healthy individual

the individual with sickle cell anemia

the individual with angina pectoris

the individual suffering a myocardial infarction

the individual with sickle cell anemia

In comparing the sedimentation rate for the individual with angina pectoris with that of the healthy individual, which of the following statements is true?

The sedimentation rate was greater for the individual with angina pectoris.

The sedimentation rate was not measured for the individual with angina pectoris.

The sedimentation rate was greater for the healthy individual.

The sedimentation rates were the same for both individuals.

The sedimentation rates were the same for both individuals.

Which of the following explains the result for the individual with sickle cell anemia?

The lack of iron prevented the red blood cells from settling.

The lack of iron in the red blood cells allowed them the settle faster.

The shape of the red blood cells prevented them from settling.

The shape of the red blood cells allowed them to settle faster.

The shape of the red blood cells prevented them from settling.

Each hemoglobin molecule can carry ______________ oxygen molecule(s).

three

two

one

four

four

Which of the following does NOT result in an increase in hemoglobin levels?

hyperthyroidism

living at high altitudes

polycythemia

congestive heart failure

hyperthyroidism

Oxyhemoglobin _______.

has a dull, brick-red color

has a dull, brick-red color and has oxygen attached to the iron atom

has oxygen attached to the polypeptide chain of hemoglobin

has oxygen attached to the iron atom

has a dull, brick-red color and has oxygen attached to the polypeptide chain of hemoglobin

has oxygen attached to the iron atom

Recall that the normal range for the hematocrit for a female is 37 - 47%, and the normal range for the hemoglobin level for a female is 12 - 16 g/100 ml. Describe hemoglobin and hematocrit values for the female with iron-deficiency anemia.

The hemoglobin was normal, and the hematocrit was below normal.

They were both below normal.

They were both normal.

The hemoglobin was below normal, and the hematocrit was normal.

The hemoglobin was below normal, and the hematocrit was normal.

Which of the following blood samples did NOT have a normal ratio of PCV to Hb?

the male with polycythemia

the healthy female

the female with iron-deficiency anemia and the male with polycythemia

the female with iron-deficiency anemia and the healthy female

the female with iron-deficiency anemia

the female with iron-deficiency anemia

Which of the following individuals had the highest hemoglobin level?

the healthy female

the female Olympic athlete

the healthy male

the male with polycythemia

the female Olympic athlete

Which of the following describes the blood sample for the female Olympic athlete?

Her hemoglobin level, her hematocrit and her PCV to Hb were above normal.

Her hematocrit was above normal.

Her hemoglobin level and her hematocrit were above normal.

Her PCV to Hb was above normal.

Her hemoglobin level was above normal.

Her hemoglobin level and her hematocrit were above normal.

A person with type O blood has _______.

O agglutinins

neither A nor B agglutinogens

O antigens

neither anti-A nor anti-B agglutinins

neither A nor B agglutinogens

With respect to ABO and Rh blood groups, there are __________ different blood types.

six

eight

four

ten

eight

A person with type AB blood has _______.

anti-A and anti-B antibodies

neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies

A and B antigens

A and B antigens and neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies.

A and B antigens and neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies.

A person with A⁺ blood has _______.

the A antigen on the surface of the red blood cells

Rh antigen on the surface of the red blood cells

anti-B antibodies

all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following terms can be used interchangeably?    

agglutinogen and agglutinin

antigen and agglutinogen

antigen and antibody

antigen and agglutinin

antigen and agglutinogen      

Blood type A^- would give which of the following results?    

agglutination with anti-Rh antibodies and agglutination with anti-B antibodies

agglutination with anti-A antibodies and agglutination with anti-Rh antibodies

agglutination with anti-A antibodies

agglutination with anti-Rh antibodies

agglutination with anti-B antibodies

agglutination with anti-A antibodies

LDLs contain _______.

protein

cholesterol and protein

cholesterol, protein and steroid hormones

steroid hormones

cholesterol

cholesterol and protein

Hypocholesterolemia is linked to _______.

low levels of serotonin

an increased risk of cardiovascular disease

atherosclerosis

an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis

low levels of serotonin

The cholesterol determination is _______.

colorimetric and an agglutination reaction

colorimetric

enzymatic and colorimetric

enzymatic

an agglutination reaction

enzymatic and colorimetric

Which of the following were disposed of in the biohazardous waste disposal?

the lancet and the cholesterol strip

the alcohol wipe, the lancet, and the cholesterol strip

the lancet and the alcohol wipe

the cholesterol strip and the alcohol wipe

the alcohol wipe, the lancet, and the cholesterol strip