APUSH DBQ

Kennedy (Democratic) an Nixon ®

• TV = important role in determining prsepctivs (TV watchers liked Kennedy, radio listener liked NIxon)

• Kennedy won

NEW FRONTIER

JFK plan

→ sought to do urban renewal, civil rights, and healthcare benefits

LBJ’s “Great Society”

• Focusing on domestic programs including civil rights poverty and education

• Built on ideas from the New Deal

War on Poverty (LBJ)

• OEO

  • Administers money to various programs and sections of country (mainly lower income areas)

Medicare

• Medical assistance and insurance for elderly Americans

Medicaid

• Health care for lower income families and individuals

Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

• Made during LBJ administration

• Focused on urban development and renewal

Immigration Act of 1965

Eliminated quotes from the 1920s

Impacts of Great Society?

• Several programs are still in existence

• Poverty was reduced 

• Vietnam and great Society competed with each other for government funds

Sit-ins

• Peaceful protests against segregated public areas 

CORE

• Freedom riders → challenged segregation on interstate buses in South

James Meredith

• Registered at University of Mississippi → national Guard ensured to rstore order and ensure registration

Eugene “Bull” Connor → Used fire hoses and dogs to break up peaceful protests 

• Actions were televised → Made police and fire department look bad

MLK → Letter from a Birmingham Jail

• Based ideas on Thoreau and Ghandi’s civil disobedience ideas

George Wallace

• Vowed to avoid desegregation at University of Alabama

• JFK cannot negotiation on issues of civil rights anymore

Civil Rights Act of 1964

• Guaranteed equal access to public accommodations

• Government could ut off funding where discrimination happened

Voting Rights Act of 1965

• Federal government could register voters

• Eliminated literacy tests for voting processes 

  • Got rid of failures of Reconstruction

24th Amendment

• Elimination of poll taxes

De Jure Discrimination

• Discrimination by laws

De Facto Discrimination

• Discrimination by custom and tradition

Watts Riots 

• Riot occurred as a result of police brutality towards African Americans

Black Power 

• Movement away from interracial cooperation and toward increased awareness of racial distinctiveness 

• Draws inspo from Garvey ini 1920s

SNCC

• Focuses on black power

Lead by Stokely Carmiichhael

Black Panthers

• Huey Newton and Bobby Seal

• Advocated arming of blacks against white police brutality for self-defense

Malcolm X

• Advocated “black revolution and black separatism”

• Appealed to frustrated African Americans

• Assassinated later 
  

Flexible Response

• JFK

• VERY different from Massive Revelation of Eisenhower

• Instead of building uup with atomic wpaons, plans for covert  operations were used instead

• Green BErets → highly trained military officials 

Alliance for Progress

• Money pledged to improve Latin American economy

Peace Corps

• Provide direct interventions of young Americans overseas

  • Focusing on social and economic development

• Hoped to improve countries and resist communism

Bay of Pigs Invasion

• Cuban exiles trained by the US were e planned too invade Cuba

  • US did not directly get involved

  • MAJOR fail

• Impact:

  • Makes USSR and Cuba closer → worried of future invasions

Berlin Wall

• East Germans fleeing East Germany through  West Berlin

  • Soviets build Berlin Wall on Homestuck Day

Cuban Missile Crisis

• US surveillance sees missiles with nuclear capabilities in Cuba

  • US sees this as a threat → JFK quarantines Cuba and prevents Soviet ships from entering

  • USSR eventually withdrew missiles → US would not attack Cuba and would withdraw missiles from Turkey

• Hotline made between US and USSR to avoid conflicts

Fall of Dien Bien Phu

• France withdraws from French Indochina/Vietnam

• US presence increases because  of fears that Veit could become communist

• North Veit = communist

• South Veit —> Noncommunist

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

• American ships supposedly attacked 

• Provided a “blank check” to Johnson in Vietnam

  • Basically unlimited powers to do whatever he wants to escalate conflict

  • Increasing presidential powers during war

Tet Offensive

• Attack by North Vietnam during Vietnamese New Year

  • Leads to increase in opposition to the US in war

  • Johnson does NOT run for re-election because of popularity drop
    

2 assassinations 

• MLK → major riots as a result

• Robert Kennedy

Democratic Conventions

• Protests over Vietnam war

• Police and demonstrators clashed

Election of 68

• George Wallace = 3rd party candidate

  • Ran on segregation and anti-Great Society/anti-protesting platform

• Nixon defeats Humphrey → non interventionist btw

New Left

• Whites that championed in achieving rights for minority groups

SDS

• Antiwar activism using terrorism 

• Protesting war → became more violent later on

UC Berkeley

• Free Speech movement → objecting not being allwoed to use schoolg roups for political debate

Counterculture

• Hippies → focused on sexual revolution, music and drug use

• Challenging ideas of conformity

Native Americans

• US focuses on assimilation of Native Americans via Termination

• Declaration of Indian Purpose → self-determination for Native Americans/tribal autonomy

• Indian Civil Rights Act → Recognized tribal laaws in reservations → more rights ot natives

Latinos

• Cesar Chavez → United Farm Workers → demanded higher wages and labor reforms

• Major influx of Latino individuals → further attempts to solidify positions within the US

Gay Liberation

• Stonewall riots → police arrested patrons of gay bar → leading to majro opposition against police/these arrests 

• Allowed for greater acceptance of gay individuals and gay rights movements born

“Cult of Domesticity” 

• Women expected to stay home and raise families, confirmed by TV 

  • Betty Friedan → The Feminine Mystique → women dissatisfied with unfulfilled lives despite it being “the dream life”

NOW (National Organization for Women)

• Founded by Friedan

• Helped bring attention to lack of women within certain professions and politics

Women’s Gains

• Women faced major discrimination in antiwar and civil rights organizations

• Affirmative action guidelines began to include women

• Title IX: NO person in US should be excluded from partaking or subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial aid

• Equal Rights  Amendment → sought tot outlaw discrimination basd on sex, not ratified

Silent Spring

• Rachel Carson → exposing impact of insecidcide on environment

EPA

• Created by Nixon → allows for regulation of environmental concerns in order to better health for Americans

Clean Air Act

• Under Nixon → sought tor educe air pollution

Clean Water Act 

• Under Nixon → sought to reduce water pollution

Vietnamization

• US would gradually withdraw troops from Vietnam

• Transitioning military problems to South Vietnam 

Cambodia

• Nixon ordered US to attack Cambodia (neutral country)

• DIRECTLY led to the Kent State protests

Kent State

• Protests by students → students injured or harmed by National Guard

• Made people question the Government 

  • Repeal of Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Pentagon Papers

• Revealed mistakes and deceptions of JFK and LBJ in regards to Veitnam

My Lai Assurance 

Killing innocent Vietnamese people by US military

China and the US

• Nixon visits China

• Improvement in relations between China and US (towards a multipolar world of multiple global powers, not just US and USSR)

  • Less hostility to China

• Pressure to USSR

SALT (1)

• Limiting number of long range nuclear wpaons, easing cold war tnsions between USSRa nd US

Nixon Doctrine

• US would intervene in Asian conflicts/other nations commitments, but would need for nations they help to defend  themselves

Oil

• Syria and Egypt attacked Israel → US supporting Israel

  • Arab Palestinian nations with access to oils made an oil embargo 

    • Oil and gas prices increase as a result of Israel support

Silent Majority

• Nixon believing most Americans supported the war effort, but not vocal about it

• Believed they wanted to reduce federal intervention

Warren Court

• Decisions impacting rights of criminals, accused, religion, civil rights, and women

  • Mapp v Ohio → search warrants

  • Gideon v Wainwright → right to lawyer, even if you cannot afford one

  • Escobedo v Illinois → right to lawyer from time of arrest

  • Marianda v Arizona → Right ot remain silent

  • Engel v Vitale → School sanctioned prayer is unconstitutional

  • Criswold v Connecticut → Birth control is legal

  • Free speech is fine in school

• Nixon upset with thesee decisions → appointed new people that would itnerpet constitution stricter

  • Roe v Wade → legalization of abortion

  • Bakke v Board of Regents → preferential treatment based on race is not allowed

Eleection  of 1972

• McGovern → promised to end war

• Nixon wins in major vote

Cease-fire with Vietnam

• Peace with Honr  claimed by Nizon

Reasons for economic downturn

• High cost of Viet War

• Rising oil prices

• Inflation

• High funding for great Society

Stagflation

• Finlation + economic downturn (unemployment)

War Powers Act

• Overturned "Gulf of Tonkin” Resolution

• Limited the President’s involvement in war

  • Congress needs to be informed

Watergate Crisis

• Burglars broke into Democratic HQ → tied to committee to reflect president tied to White House

• Secret recordings of tapes → Nixon believed to be tied to these burglaries

Saturday Night Massacre 

• Nixon fired multiple people because of being dissatisfied with their investigations

•  Nixon claimed he has executive privilege to withhold the tapes → Supreme Court stated he could not do that

• Impeachment charges → Nixon resigns before  

US v Nixon

• No executive privilege → must show the tapes of true evidence he had been hiding

How do we HIPP a document?

• H → Historical context (what’s going on at the moment?)

• I → intended audience (who is this directed to?)

• P → purpose (why are they saying this?, kina related to H)

• P → POV (what perspective are they taking? Reasons why?)