Biology 1114 Final Weeks Lecture Quiz

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Population

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71 Terms

1

Population

A group of individuals of the same species in the same living area at the same time

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2

Population ecology

The study of how and why the number of individuals in a population changes over time

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3

Exponential growth equation

(# of births - # of deaths) x # of individuals in population = populations growth rate; J-shaped curve where the higher r-value, the steeper the curve

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4

Carrying Capacity

The maximum number of individuals in a population that can be supported in a particular habitat over a sustained period of time

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5

Logistic growth

When population density gets very high, population’s per capita birthrate decreases and the per capita death rate increases causing r to decline; sigmoid or s shaped curve

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6

Ecological footprint

the amount of environmental resources necessary to produce the goods and services that support an individual's lifestyle, a nation's prosperity, or the economic activity of humanity as a whole

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7

Biological community

the living, or biotic, populations that exist within an ecosystem in a shared location

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8

Competition

An interspecific interaction that is negative for both ends and happens when species compete for a resource in short supply

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9

Predation

An interspecific interaction that is positive for one side and negative for the other where one species (the predators) kills and eats the other (the prey)

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10

Symbiosis

A relationship where two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with one another (parasitism, mutualism, commensalism, and facilitation)

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11

Facilitation

An interaction in which one species has positive effects on another species without direct and intimate contact

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12

Niche

the total of a species use of biotic or abiotic resources

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13

Competitive exclusion principle

states that two species competing for the same resources cannot coexist

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14

Coloration / Camouflage

Used to make prey difficult to spot

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15

Mimicry

A prey species may gain significant protection by mimicking the appearance of another species

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16

Primary succession

Where no soil exists or no soil is intact

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17

Secondary succession

Occurs when a community has been damages but soil remains

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18

Individual

a singular organism

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19

Ecosystem

a community looking at both the living and non-living things

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20

Community

A group of collection of different species in the same area at the same space that are living

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21

Biotic

Living

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22

Abiotic

Non-living

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23

Population growth calculations

Change in population size= births + immigrants entering population - deaths - emigrants leaving population

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24

Immigrants

a person who comes to live permanently in a foreign population or country

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25

Emigrants

an individual who leaves their own population or country in order to settle permanently in another

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How individuals join a population

Through birth or immigration

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27

How individuals leave a population

Through death or emigration

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28

Per capita rate of increase

The difference between the birthrate and death rate per individual

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29

Intrinsic rate of increase

when birthrates are as high as possible and death rates are as low as possible, r reaches a maximum value

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30

Colonization of a new habitat

A few individuals colonize a new habitat with plentiful resources

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Recovery after a disaster

A population has been devastated by a storm or some other type of catastrophe and then begins to recover, starting with a few surviving individuals

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R

Rate of incline

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33

Density dependent growth

Logistic growth

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34

Density independent growth

Exponential growth

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35

Environmental resistance factors

Space, food, soil quality, competition, mating partners, disease, predation, water, sunlight, etc.

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36

Interspecific interactions

relationships between species in a community (categorized as positive, negative, or no effect)

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37

Resource partitioning

differentiation of ecological niches, enabling similar species to coexist in a community

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38

Fundamental niche

the niche potentially occupied by that species

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Realized niche

the niche actually occupied by that species

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40

Parasitism

An interspecific interaction where one organisms (the parasite) derives nourishment from another organism, (its host) which is harmed in the process

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41

Mutualism

An interspecific interaction that benefit both species

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42

Commensalism

An interspecific interaction where one species is benefitted and the other is neither harmed nor helped

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43

Succession

A gradual change in species composition over time

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44

GPP

Gross Primary Productivity- the total amount of chemical energy produced in a given area and time period

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45

NPP

Net primary productivity- the energy reminding after cellular respiration

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46

Net primary productivity equation

NPP= GPP - R (where R is energy used in cellular respiration)

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47

Primary consumers

Eat primary producers

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48

Secondary consumers

Eat primary consumers

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Tertiary consumers

Eat secondary consumers

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50

Decomposers or detritivores

Feed on detritus or the waste products or dead remains of other organisms

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51

Trophic levels

the number of steps it is from the start of the chain

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Efficiency between trophic levels

A ratio- the traction of biomass transferred from one trophic level to the next (usually about 10% but can vary dramatically)

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53

Biogeochemical cycle

The path that an element takes as it moves from abiotic systems through organisms and back again

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54

Carbon sinks (aka reservoirs)

Include soils, oceans, plant and animal biomass, the atmosphere and fossil fuels

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55

The carboniferous period

About 300-360 mya where lignin was present and nothing was able to break it down causing the dead plants to be buried instead of broken down resulting in fossil fuels or reservoirs or carbon that are sealed off from the global carbon cycle

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56

The Anthropocene

The biological, chemical, and geological consequences of human impacts have been so dramatic that scientists have proposed naming a new epoch in the geological time scale

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Global warming

Refers to the increase in the average temperature of the planet (one specific change)

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58

Global climate change

Refers to the sum of all the changes in local temperature and precipitation patterns that result from global warming (all together)

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59

Greenhouse gases

Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and water vapor that acts as a blanket around the atmosphere when there is too much of them, letting in heat but not letting enough out so the temperature gradually gets hotter

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60

Genetic diversity

comprises genetic variation within a population and between populations

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61

Species diversity (species richness)

is the variety of species in an ecosystem or throughout the biosphere

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62

Ecosystem diversity

is the variety of ecosystems in the biosphere

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63

Background extinctions

Normal extinctions that occur during a given period of time

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64

Mass extinctions

A large proportion of species on earth are lost in a short amount of time

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Biggest threats to biodiversity

Deforestation and habitat loss

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Other threats to biodiversity

Invasive species, over-harvesting, acid rain, ocean acidification

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Conservation biology

Is a branch of ecology that seeks to investigate and reverse the loss of biodiversity

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68

Fragmentation

The splitting of habitats that isolates small populations

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Corridors

Can be used to connect habitat patches

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70

Pyramid of productivity

shows the production or turnover (the rate at which energy or mass is transferred from one trophic level to the next) of biomass at each trophic level

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71

Ecosystem services

encompass all the processes through which natural ecosystems and their species help sustain human life (ex: purification of air and water, detoxification and decomposition of wastes, cycling of nutrients, moderation of weather extremes, pollination, etc.)

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