Henry VIII foreign policy

As evident of henrys councillors seeking an early continuation of peace, which treaty did they extend and when?

Treaty of etaples 1510.

What the 3 main aims of henrys foreing policy ?

-be seen as a warrior king
-secure the succession
-secure national security

what is an example of henrys early aspirations to become a warrior king?

he orderd a translation of the life of his warlike predecessor Henry Vth.

what was the formation of the holy league?

Henry sent his archbishop of york, christopher brainbridge, to rome to persuade the pope julius ii to create an anti french “holy league”, which joined england spain jholy roman empire and the papacy.

When was henrys first invasion of france, and what were the issues with it?

in 1512, henry ssent a force of 10,000 men to southwest france under the marquis of dorset, however this ahcieved nothing and was used by ferdinand as a distraction while he successfully conquered navarre.

When and what happened in the second invasion of france ?

1513, henry himself led a force to northeastern france.
This was sucessfull in winning the battle of the spurs, and also captured the towns of therouanne and touranai!

When did Scotlands king james IV invade england? what was henrys repsonse?

in the “battle of flodden” king james iv had crossed the border with a substantial force in 1513, but was defeated by a small english amry put together by the earl of surrey. james IV was killed along with many of the socttish nobles.

what were the conseuqneces of the battle of flodden?

The socttish throne was left in the hands of the infant james Vth, however henry did nothing to abuse the advantage gained from this.

what were the conseuqneces of henrys 1513 military adventures against scotland and france?

-war was highly costly, Henry had to liquidate inheritence.
-talks of rebellion in yorkshire due to tax.
-treaty of etaples was lost
-tournai was sold back to france for less than the english paid to repair it.

how did cardinal wolsey pick up the peieces following henrys first military adventures in 1513?

in 1514, wolsey managed to recover the etaples pension and scured a marriage alliance with henrys sister, mary, and king louis xii of france.

when did louis xii die and what was the consequences?

died in 1515, leaving the french throne in the hands of the young Francist Ist,, who Henry viewed as a rival.

-Henry responded by seeking an alliance with ferdinand of aragon, but ferdinand died in 1516, with his successor Charles Vth seeking an alliance with Francis.

who was the duke of albany, and why was he viewed as a threat ?

-the duke of albany, heir presumptive to the scottish throne, was a member of the french nobility.
-Henry and wolsey viewed him as a french agent.

when and what was the treaty of cambrai?

the 1517 treaty of cambrai led to the duke of albany being sent by francis to scotland to stir up trouble between Scotland and England.

When and what was the treaty of london?

1518, ochestrated by wolsey to qquickly end englands isolation.

-pope leo X wanted a unified christian europe due to the threat of the ottoman turks.

-agreed between England, France, Spain and the holy roman empire, and many other smaller states.

-led to Wolsey’s promotion as papal legate over england.

what is a critic of the 1518 treaty of lonodn?

future conflicts following hte treaty suggest it was pointless.

following the treaty of london 1518, what are examples of englands newfound relationship with france?

-france agreed to pay the english a pension for the loss of tournai.
-france agreed to keep the duke of albany out of scotland.

When and what was the field of cloth and gold ?

1520, a meeting which took place over more than 2 weeks between henry viii and francis ist. in diplomatic terms nothing was acheived by the field of cloth and gold.

How much did the 1520 field of cloth and gold cost henry?

around 15,000 pounds.

When and what was the treaty of bruges?

1521 treaty of bruges,negioated by wolsey. was a secret alliance between henry and charles vth, to decide a set date to wage war on france under an anglo habsburg alliance.

what were henrys motives to siding with charles under the 1521 treaty of bruges?

-he could improve relations wit the pope
-gain more territory in france
-secure a marriage alliance between the emepror and the princes mary.

when and what was the battle of pavia, and what was henrys response?

the 1525 Battle of Pavia led to a crushing defeat of France.
-Henry pushed Charles Vth to launch a joint invasion of France, however, Charles refused.

what were the 2 major conseuqneces of the fracturing of the anglo imperial alliance?

-henrys ego was bruised and he was obliged to back down.
-henrys resentmnet towards the mepror was reinforced when charles repudiated his marriage contract with princes mary.

fololowing the treaty of bruges, when did henry invade france and hwat were the conseuqnes?

in 1522 and 1523, English armies invaded northern france.
-the campaigns proved costly, and parliament was reluctant to grant necessary extraordinary revenue.

following the fracutiring of the anglo imperial alliance, how did wolsey and henry step in the direction of a pro french policy?

Henry lent support to the anti empire league of cognac

what is a consequence of henrys faliure to resolve the great matter by diplomatic means?

england remained a relatively minor power in Europe, and Henry and Wolsey were forced by their weak posistion to make an anti imperial allance with the french in the 1527 treaty of Amiens.

how did wolsey try to use trade to put pressure on the emperor following the 1527 treaty of amiens?

wolsey imposed a trade embargo with the burgundian lands, but charles retaliation caused widespread unemployment and social problems in england.

what are examples of charlees strength and dominance over the pope by 1529?

-victory over the french in the battle of landriano in 1529 highlighted his strength.

-dominance over the pope following the 1529 peace of cambrai

-ensured Henry’s attempts to resolve great matter diplomatically was doomed. Wolsey fell from power in 1529.

why did henry break with rome, and why were there no continental reprussions at first?

henry had little alternative, and couldnt diplomatically solve his great matter.
-there wre no reprucussions in the short term because charles was focused on the threat posed by the ottaman turks to christian europe.

why did henry make an alliance with the german league of schmalkalden?

they were a protestant, lutherian orginsiation. Henry allied with them to reinforce his continteal power during the start of his break with rome.

following the break with rome, how did englands situation get really bad in 1538?

-by 1538, charles and francis signed the treaty of nice to sever connections with england.

Pope Paul IIIrd pbulished a bull excommunicating Henry

-pope sent envoys to france and scotland to prepare a catholic crusade against henry.

when and why was their a rebellion in ireland? what was henrys response?

breakdown in relations with ireland in 1534 led henry to dismiss the earl of kildare.

-sparked a major rebellion by his son, thomas fitzgerla,d which was supressed at a huge expense.

following the rebellion in ireland, how and when did henry try to pacify ireland?

in 1541, Henry estavlished ireland as a seperate kingdom, imposing english law and creating counties out of gaelic lordships.

-some gaelic lords were granted peerage titles and were entitled to the same legal protections as their english counterparts.

how did henrys final years mark a shift in foreign policy?

in the 1530s, foreign policy had been to minimise the response of foreign powers to the break with rome. in the 1540s henry returend to the aggressive foreign policy which was seen in the earl years of his reign.

when and what were the conseuqneces of engalnds invasion of soctland?

Henry’s invasion of scotland in 1542 was met with immediate military success.

-in the battle of solway moss, the scots were defeated, and James Vth died shortly after, leaving the heir as a one week old mary.

what was the policy of the “rough wooing""?

Following James Vth death and englands victory in 1542, henry sought to marry prince edward to the young mary queen of scots.

-Scots were suspicious of england, and refused to allow Mary to be brought up in england.

-While the marriage was agreed under the treaty of Greenwich, the sscottish regent deserted the english cause.

-henry responded by raiding edinburgh, leith and st andrews.

when and how did henry lead his final invasion of france?

1544, despite his health issues, henry led the english army to calais, seiging montreuil unscucessfully, but successfully capturing boulogne.

what were the major issues with henrys final invasion of france?

-created fears of a french invasion from scotland
-english defeated at the battle of ancrum moor
-henrys flagship, the mary rose sank in the solent.

what were the conseuqnces of henrys final french invasion?

-he sold much of the crown estate, borrowed large sums and debased his coinage, thereby increasing inflation.