AP European - Chapter 14/16 The Scientific Revolution

Scientific Revolution

Major cause of new world view in 16th and 17th centuries

Nicolaus Copernicus

Proposed heliocentric view: earth revolves around the sun

Tycho Brahe

Built best observatory in Europe; data used by Kepler, Galileo

Johann Kepler

Formulated 3 laws of planetary motion, stating orbits are elliptical

Andreas Vesalius

Renewed study of anatomy with 'The Structure of the Human Body'

William Harvey

Described blood circulation in 'On the Movement of the Heart and Blood'

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Developed powerful microscopes; first to see bacteria and blood circulation

Galileo Galilei

Used telescope to prove Copernicus's theory; developed laws of motion

Scientific Method

Bacon's inductive method and Descartes' deductive reason form modern scientific method

Francis Bacon

Advocated empiricism and inductive method in scientific study

Age of Exploration

Motivated by 'God, glory, and gold'; resulted in new knowledge and trade routes

Prince Henry the Navigator

Financed exploration along West African coast

Bartholomew Diaz

First to round the southern tip of Africa

Vasco da Gama

Found all-water route to India, breaking Italian trade monopoly

Christopher Columbus

First European to reach the New World in 1492

Hernando Cortès

Conquered Aztecs in Mesoamerica

Francisco Pizarro

Conquered Incas in South America

Conquistadores

Spanish conquerors who created empires by subjugating Indians

Encomienda

System where Indians worked for owners certain days per week

Mestizos

Children of mixed white and Indian descent

Creoles

American-born Spaniards

Old Imperialism

Establishing posts on coastal regions without conquering entire territories

Portuguese Empire

Established posts in India and Indonesia; led by Alphonso d'Albuquerque

Dutch East India Company

Major force behind Dutch imperialism, especially in Indonesia

Samuel de Champlain

Founded modern-day Canada in 1608

Royal African Co.

Entered the slave trade in late-17th century

Isaac Newton

Defined laws of motion and universal gravitation in 'Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica' (1687)

Rene Descartes

Philosopher known for 'Cogito, ergo sum' and contributions to analytical geometry

Galileo's Telescope

Improved telescope design leading to discoveries like moons of Jupiter

Scientific Revolution Dates

Period spanning from the late 1500s to the late 1700s, marking advances in scientific thought

Enlightenment Period

18th-century movement emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition

William Penn

Founded Pennsylvania as a place of religious freedom in 1681

John Locke

Philosopher whose ideas on government influenced modern democracy and the American Revolution

Benjamin Franklin

Key figure in the Enlightenment; known for his experiments with electricity and diplomacy during the American Revolution

Francis Galton

Introduced the concept of eugenics; known for work in statistical correlation

Marquise du Châtelet

Mathematician and physicist; translated and commented on Newton's work in French

Thomas Hobbes

Political philosopher known for 'Leviathan' and the social contract theory

Chemistry Revolution

Transition in the 18th century led by figures like Antoine Lavoisier, who named hydrogen and oxygen.

Industrial Revolution

Period of major industrialization from late 18th to early 19th century, beginning in Britain.