political geography vocab unit 4 hug

Race

Is a social construct that categorizes people based on perceived physical characteristics, such as skin color, hair texture, or facial features.

Ethnicity

Is a identity within a group a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth, is based on shared cultural traits like language, religion, history, and customs, often a self-indentified affiliation.

Succession

Refers to the process by which new immigrants or groups of people move into. Neighborhood and gradually replace the existing population.

Queer theory

Is the study on how space, place, and society are shaped by sexuality and challenges traditional ideas about gender and sexual norms.

Dowry deaths

Are fatal incidents, usually of women, that excuse as a result of disputes over the payment or inadequacy of a dowry—the money, goods, or property a brides family gives to the grooms family during marriage.

Barrioization

Is the process by which a neighborhood or area becomes predominantly inhabited by Hispanic or Latino people. Accompanied by cultural, social, ad economic changes.

State

A political unit with a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and sovereignty over its affairs. Organized country that controls land and makes its own rules.

Nation

Is a group of people who share common cultural elements such as language, religion, ethnicity, or history and who often seek political unity or self-determination.

Nation-state

Is a state whose territorial boundaries largely coincide with a particular nation, meaning the majority of the population shares a common culture, language, and identity.

Sovereignty

Is the authority of a state to govern itself without external interference, including control over its territory, population, and laws.

CentriPETAL force

Is a factor that unites the people of a state, promoting, stability, cohesion, and national identity.

CentriFUGAL force

Is a factor that divides a states population, weakening unity and potentially causing violence or instability.

Gender

Refers to the social differences between men and women, rather than the anatomical difference that define sex. Its a set of socially constructed roles, behaviors, and expectations that vary across time and place.

Shatterbelt

Is a region caught between stronger, conflicting external powers, often experiencing instability, fragmentation, and frequent conflicts.

Unitary government

Political system in which most or all of the power is held by a central government, with little authority given to local governments.

Federalist government

A political system in which power is divided between a strong central (national) government and smaller regional or local government, each with some degree of authority.

Devolution

Is the transfer of power from a central government to regional or local governments, often leaving them greater autonomy.

Balkanization

Is the process by which a region or state breaks up into smaller, often hostile, units along ethnic, cultural, or political lines.

Gerry meandering

Is the manipulation of the boundaries of electoral districts to favor a particular party or group.

Reapportionment

Is the process of redistributing legislative seats among different regions or districts based on population changes, usually after a census.

Ratzels organic theory

Is the idea that a state behaves like a living organism: it needs to grow and acquire territory to survive and thrive.

Mackinders heartland theory

The central part of Eurasia, called the “heartland”, is the most strategically important area in the world, and that any power that controls it could dominate global politics.

Spykmans rimland theory

That the coastal areas “the rimland” of Eurasia— not the general heartland— are the key to global power, because they contain the majority of the population, resources, and access to the sea.

Wallersteins world systems theory

Is the idea that the world is divided into a flying’s economic system of core semi-periphery, and periphery countries, where core countries= wealthy powerful and dominate global trade, periphery countries= poorer, less developed and exploited for labor and resources, semi-periphery= in between with moderate development. GLOBAL INEQUALITIES ARE MAINTED BY THE STRUCTURE OF THE WORLD ECONOMY

Suprenational organization

Is an association of three or more states that work together for political, economic, or cultural purposes, often ceding some sovereignty to absorb common goals.

Extra vocab: Autonomous

Able to operate, govern , or make decisions independently without outside control.

Extra vocab: Semi autonomous

Partly independent but still under some outside control or supervision

Extra vocab: Irredentism

The political belief or movement that a country should reclaim or annex territory, it believes rightfully belongs to it. Usually because of shared ethnicity, culture, language, or historic ties.

Extra vocab: Self-determination

The right of a people or group to choose their own political status and form of government.

Extra vocab: Annexation

Formal act of a state taking control of and adding territory to its own boarders usually without the consent of the original country.

Extra vocab: Ceded

Officially given up or transferred, especially land or territory, from one state to another , usually through a treaty or agreement.

Extra vocab: Contiguous

Sharing a common boarder or touching directly

Extra vocab: Hinterland

To the land or region surrounding and economically connected to a city, port, or trade center.