Unit 6

USS Maine

The name of the SHIP responsible for pulling the US into a war with Spain.

Referendum

State level reform in which the legislature allows the public to vote on a bill at the ballot box.

Josiah Strong

Christian missionary who believed in trying to civilize the world under the Anglo-Saxon races; wrote Our Country; thought that trade and spreading Christianity were the keys to civilizing others

Platt Amendment

the amendment that the US passed stating that Cuba could not get into foreign problems or debt, the US gets a base at Guantanamo Bay, and the US can intervene in Cuba if necessary

Alfred Mahan

proponent for US naval power; said US industrialization required foreign markets; trade required naval protection; navy needed bases' race for power in the world; this man's name was synonymous with the navy

John Dewey

advocate for education during Progressive Era; followed William James' book Pragmatism (practical action) beliefs, believed that students should not just memorize rote facts, they should learn about things that they actually want to learn

Bob LaFollette

Mr. Progressive; progressive reformer in Wisconsin; tried to fight corruption and business/politics alignment

Eugene Debs

Socialist Party member who was thrown in jail; angered by Pullman Strike

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

event/factory where there was a fire; employees were locked in, burned to death, jumped out windows—showed need for reform

Upton Sinclair

Pure Food and Drug Act was passed as a result of The Jungle- who wrote this?

New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson's PLAN that he put into action after he won the Election of 1912

W.E.B. DuBois

believed in blacks voting, blacks playing a role in politics, using the NAACP to litigate, working with whites for IMMEDIATE equality (end to gradualism/accommodationism)

Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy

controversy over conservation that most tore apart Roosevelt and Taft

Woodrow Wilson

President who immediately passed the Underwood Tariff and then the Federal Reserve Act and the Clayton Act too

Yellow Journalism

reporting the news in an exaggerated or distorted way

Margaret Sanger

Primary advocate for birth control

New Nationalism

PLAN of a president who ran in the Election of 1912; government needs to be strong and intervene/help with domestic issues

Booker T. Washington

believed that agitation/fighting for equal rights of blacks was a mistake; don't force others to give rights; better yourself economically with a trade

Theodore Roosevelt

President who held the common philosophy of the Progressive Era that some trusts were good, some trusts were bad

Emilio Aguinaldo

leader of Filipino insurrection against Spain and then the U.S.

White Man's Burden

duty of whites to civilize non-whites through colonization and economic dominance

Panama Canal

during the Spanish American War it became evident that this needed to be built to be able to shift forces from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and vice versa; Teddy Roosevelt was instrumental in the building of this

William Seward

Alaska was acquired because of fear of Russian attempts to expand into Canada and Northwest United States; WHO (individual) was responsible for this acquisition?

jingoism

term for excessive nationalism, an intense burst of national pride; caused by yellow journalism, Social Darwinism, new navy, European imperialism

Social Gospel

movement within the progressive movement when professionals, such as lawyers and ministers, tried to help poor people in society; believed in charity to help people out and the government stepping in to assist with urban problems

Roosevelt Corollary

US will help ANY country in the western hemisphere whenever necessary; intervention in Haiti was one use of this document

Zimmerman Telegram

A German message to Mexico proposing an alliance between the two countries; intercepted by America

14 points

Wilson's plan for future of the world following WWI; essentially only one of the ideas ever pans out

Committee on Public Information

Created during WWI to use art, ads and films to influence public perception on the war

Espionage Act

1917 act calling for jail time for aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers or discouraging loyalty

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Queen Liliuokalani

The Hawaiian queen that was overthrown and convicted of treason. She was sentenced to 5 years of hard labor and a $5000 fine.

Causes of Spanish American War

Cuban rebellion against Spain..... Yellow Journalism, Explosion of the USS Maine...DeLome Letter

Teller Amendment

As Americans were preparing for war with Spain over Cuba in 1898, this Senate measure stated that under no circumstances would the United States annex Cuba. The amendment was passed as many in the muckraking press were suggesting that the Cuban people would be better off "under the protection" of the U.S

Rough Riders

The First United States Volunteer Calvary, a mixure of Ivy League athletes and western frontiermen, volunteered to fight in the Spanish-American War. Enlisted by Theodore Roosevelt, they won many battles in Florida and enlisted in the invasion army of Cuba.

The Philippines Question

-McKinley reluctant to support annexation but believed there was no other alternatives
- Thought returning islands back to Spain would be cowardly, giving them to another power would be discreditable, and Filipinos were unfit for self-government

Anti-Imperialist League

objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900

Open Door Policy

Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.

Lincoln Steffens

Early muckraker who exposed the political corruption in many American cities. Wrote "Shame of the Cities"

Ida Tarbell

Leading muckraking journalist whose articles documented the Standard Oil Company's abuse of power

Muckrakers

Investigative journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public

Jane Addams and Hull House

Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class. In 1889 she founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English.

19th Amendment (1920)

Women gain the right to vote

Municipal Reform

Changes in city governments made to encourage greater efficiency, honesty, and responsiveness. Effort to Eliminate political machines and corruption.

City Manager Plan

Elected officials hired an outside expert who was usually a highly trained businessman or engineer to take charge of the government. People believed that this would result in decrease of corruption in politics.

Initiative

A procedure by which voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment to the ballot.

Direct Primary System

a means for members of a political party to participate in the selection of a candidate from their party to compete against the other party's candidate in a general election

Recall

A procedure for submitting to popular vote the removal of officials from office before the end of their term.

Niagara Movement

(1905) W.E.B. Du Bois and other young activists, who did not believe in accommodation, came together at Niagara Falls in 1905 to demand full black equality. Demanded that African Americans get right to vote in states where it had been taken away, segregation be abolished, and many discriminatory barriers be removed. Declared commitment for freedom of speech, brotherhood of all peoples, and respect for workingman

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Created to achieve political and civil rights for minorities.

WCTU (Women's Christian Temperance Union)

Women's organization founded by reformer Frances Willard and others to oppose alcohol consumption

18th Amendment

Prohibition of alcohol

Volstead Act

Bill passed by Congress to enforce the language of the 18th Amendment. This bill made the manufacture and distribution of alcohol illegal within the borders of the United States.

Theodore Roosevelt

26th President. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France.

Northern Securities Company

A railroad monopoly formed by J.P. Morgan and James J. Hill which violated Sherman Antitrust Act

Square Deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

Hepburn Act (1906)

This Act tightened existing railroad regulation. Empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission to set maximum railroad rates and to examine railroad's financial records.

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

conservation

Protecting and preserving natural resources and the environment

preservation

Maintenance of a resource in its present condition, with as little human impact as possible.

John Muir, Sierra Club

In 1892, he founded this organization, with the goal of preserving some natural areas from human intervention.

William Howard Taft (1909-1913)

Republican

Domestic Affairs:
Trustbusting
Roosevelt saw lack of disgression
Payne-Aldrich Tariff
Pinchot-Ballinger Affair
conservation

Foreign Affairs:
Dollar diplomacy
Promote sales of manuf/investing globally
Pan-American Conference (opposition of S. American countries)

Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909)

With the fear of foreign competition gone, it lowered rates to 38%. Democrats felt it did not go far enough and passed the Underwood Tariff in 1913 to further lower taxes.

Election of 1912

Taft(Republican), Wilson(democrat), Roosevelt(Republican), Eugene Debs(socialist). Wilson won because the Republican vote was split.

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Underwood Tariff (1913)

Pushed through Congress by Woodrow Wilson, this 1913 tariff reduced average tariff duties by almost 15% and established a graduated income tax

Federal Reserve Act

a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply

Clayton Antitrust Act

1914 law that strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act

Big Stick Diplomacy

Slogan describing TR's Roosevelt corollary. Comes from the phrase, "speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far." emphasis on military preparedness; willingness to use military force to achieve foreign policy goals.

Great White Fleet

1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

Panamanian Revolution

Columbian refusal to agree with US terms for a Panama Canal; Roosevelt instigated a revolt in Panama and the rebellion succeeded; Panama gained independence from Columbia and granted the US control of a canal

Dollar Diplomacy (Taft)

A policy for "substituting dollars for bullets" by William Howard Taft. It would link American business interests to diplomatic interests abroad without force, but with investments.

Moral Diplomacy (Wilson)

the system in which support is given only to countries whose moral beliefs are analogous to that of the nation.

WW1 Neutrality

US was "neutral" but leaned toward the Allies because they contributed the most to the US economic success

Luisitania

British passanger ship that was torpedoed by a German U-boat in 1915; 1200 people died and 128 Americans died.

Sussex Pledge

A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning.

American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

About 2 million Americans went to France as members of this under General John J. Pershing. Included the regular army, the National Guard, and the new larger force of volunteers and draftees and they served as individuals

Selective Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

War Industries Board (WIB)

created by Wilson to oversee the production and distribution of goods made by the country's war industries

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Sedition Act

made it a crime to write, print, utter, or publish criticism of the president of government

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty particularly known for its harsh reparations towards the Germans after World War I. This only had one of Wilson's 14 points: League of Nations

League of Nations

An organization of nations formed after World War I to promote cooperation and peace.

Henry Cabot Lodge

This man was a Republican who disagreed with the Versailles Treaty, and who was the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He mostly disagreed with the section that called for the League to protect a member who was being threatened. He was for imperialism.

Marcus Garvey

African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927. He advocated for black nationalism.

Red Scare

Intense fear of communism and other politically radical ideas

Palmer Raids

Part of the Red Scare, these were measures to hunt out political radicals and immigrants who were potential threats to American security; led to the arrest of nearly 5,500 people and the deportation of nearly 400.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian radicals who became symbols of the Red Scare of the 1920s; arrested (1920), tried and executed (1927) for a robbery/murder, they were believed by many to have been innocent but convicted because of their immigrant status and radical political beliefs.

Return to Normalcy

Harding's campaign slogan, wanting to go back to how things were before the war