AP Chem unit 8

Acid

A compound that donates a proton (H+ ) in a reaction (according to bronsted-Lowry

Base

A compound that accepts a proton (H+) according to bronsted-Lowry

Strong Acid, Strong base

Strong acid dissociates completely.

Strong bases ionizes completely

Weak acid, Weak base

These will establish equilibrium (do not react completely)

Water is _________. Meaning it can act as a acid or a base

Amphoteric

Common strong acids

HCl, HBr, HI, HNo3, HClo4, H2SO4

Common strong bases.

.Any Group 1 or 2 hydroxides:

LiOH NaOH KOH BaOH2 SrOH2

PH,

p anything equals?

Ph scale?

Value that can tell us concentration of Acid or base.

P (anything) = - log (anything)

pH = ?

Anything in [] = concentration = moles/ L

-log [H+]

pOH=

-log [OH-]

Increasing Ph means ______ [H+]

Decreasing ph means______[H+]

Decreasing ;

Increasing

When there is High Ph, it is ________ for additional base to dissolve

Harder,

Because at high Ph there isn’t a high abundance in H+ ions make the solubility lower, because base need to react with acid to form water or else doesn’t dissolve.

Due to common ion

When there is abundance in H+ ions (low ph), the solubility of addition base would ______

Increase,

The H+ ions will react with the OH, decreasing concentration shift equilibrium to the right.

For strong acids / bases, you can ______ find ____ from concentration.

strong acids goes to ________. No tendency for_______

Always; Ph

Completion; reverse

Weak acids / bases

Unlike strong, they do not dissociate all the way through, and most acid molecules remain as undissociated aqueous particles.

To solve for pH of these, sometimes Ice box is needed

X is always insignificant in weak acids

For weak acids / bases , x in ice box is?

Almost always insignificant compared to the initial concentration of the acid, so we just use the initial concentration in calculation

Concentration’s relation with percent dissociation?

The lower the concentration is for an acid the higher the percent dissociation.

Because over abundance of water molecules makes it easier for acid to find water to donate to, and it hinders the reverse reaction, because H3O+ and conjugate base are more spread out in a dilute solution (low concentration).

Greater concentration lead to greater conjugate base

Are all hydrogen in acid dissociable?

No, because only the hydrogens that are attached to elements with very big electronegativity differences can dissociate., Ex: oxygen. not like carbon with similar diff

Can Ph effect solubility?

Yes, due to common ion effect, high ph substance have hard time dissolving in high pH, low ph substance have hard time dissolving in low ph

pH + pOH=

14

Neutralization reactions:

Strong Acid + Strong base =?

Dissociated completely

Always RESULTS in creation of water H2O and salt

Strong Acid + weak base

Conjugate acid of the weak base will be produced

Weak acid + strong base = ?

Conjugate base of the weak acid and water

Weak acid + weak base = ?

Simple proton transfer reaction, in which the acid gives protons to the base.