science

Density

Mass per unit volume of a substance.

How is density calculated?

Density is calculated by dividing mass by volume (Density = Mass/Volume).

What is water displacement?

A method used to measure the volume of an irregularly shaped object by submerging it in water.

What is the formula for the volume of a cube?

Volume of a cube = side length cubed (V = s^3).

What is the formula for the volume of a cuboid?

Volume of a cuboid = length x width x height (V = l × w × h).

How do you read a graduated cylinder?

Read the liquid level at the bottom of the meniscus at eye level.

Layers of Earth

The Earth consists of different layers: crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core.

What are the two types of Earth's layers?

Chemical layers and mechanical layers.

Seismic Waves

Waves of energy that travel through the Earth, commonly generated by earthquakes.

P waves (Primary waves)

Fastest seismic waves; they are longitudinal waves that can travel through solids and liquids.

S waves (Secondary waves)

Seismic waves that are slower than P waves and can only travel through solids.

Body waves

Seismic waves that travel through the Earth's interior; includes both P waves and S waves.

What is a seismogram?

A record produced by a seismograph that shows the arrival times of seismic waves.

What is triangulation in seismology?

A method used to determine the epicenter of an earthquake by using data from three different seismic stations.

What are the types of faults?

Faults can be categorized into normal faults, reverse faults, and strike-slip faults.

Normal faults

A type of fault where the hanging wall moves downward relative to the footwall, caused by extensional forces.

reverse faults

A type of fault where the hanging wall moves upward relative to the footwall, caused by compressional forces.

strike slip faults

A type of fault where two blocks of crust slide past each other horizontally, typically caused by shear forces.