A&P - Class 25 - The Connective Tissues

Quizlet Annie Song

1. Embryonic connective tissues

2. Mature connective tissues

What are two types of connective tissues?

-Mesenchyme (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)

-mucous connective tissue (umbilical cord)

Embryonic connective tissues includes:

-loose connective tissues

-dense connective tissues

-cartilage

-bone

-blood

-lymph

What are the 6 types of mature connective tissues?

Mesenchyme

The mature connective tissue is developed from ________________

-areolar

-adipose

-reticular

What are the 3 types of loose connective tissues?

areolar connective tissue

-the most widely distributed

-subcutaneous

Adipose

Adipocytes have one single triglyceride droplet

Reticular

forms the stroma or internal "skeleton" of lymph nodes, the spleen, and other lymphoid organs

What are the 3 types of dense connective tissue?

-dense regular

-dense irregular

-elastic

-collagen arranged in bundles

-forms tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses

Dense regular connective tissue

-Collagen irregularly arranged

-forms muscle fascia, fibrous pericardium, periosteum

Dense irregular connective tissue

Elastic connective tissue

-contains elastic fibers

-lung, arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes

A dense network of collagen and elastic fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate

Cartilage

_________________ gives cartilage strength

Collagen

_________________ gives it resilience

Chondroitin

Cartilage cells are called _______________

Chondrocytes

Space where chondrocytes occur in the matrix

Lacunae

The surface of most cartilage is covered by _________________, which contains blood vessels and nerves

Perichondrium

Which cartilage is not covered by perichondrium?

Articulate cartilage and growth plate cartilage

What are the important roles of the cartilage?

-supporting tissue

-precursor of bone and growth plates within bones

The cartilage is relatively __________ tissue

Inactive

interstitial growth of cartilage

-occurs during childhood and adolescence

-the expansion occurs from within, like bread rising

Oppositional growth of cartilage

-starts later and continue through adolescence

-growth occurs at the outer surface

-cells of perichondrium differentiate into chondroblasts

The cartilage ________________have nerves and blood vessels

does not

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic

Hyaline cartilage

-most abundant cartilage

-weakest type of cartilage

-has no fibers in the matrix

Hyaline cartilage located in:

-ends of long bones

-costal cartilage

-nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi

-embryonic and fetal skeleton

Fribrocartilage

-strongest type of cartilage

-lacks perichondrium

-the chondrocytes are located among bundles of collagen fibers

Fibrocartilage located in:

-pubic symphysis

-intervertebral discs

-menisci

Elastic cartilage

-chondrocytes are placed in threadlike network of elastic fibers

-the perichondrium is present

Elastic cartilage present in:

-epiglottis

-external ear

Bones are organs composed by four different tissues:

1. osseous tissue

2. periosteum

3. red and yellow bone marrow

4. endosteum

What are 4 types of cell contains in the osseous tissue?

1. osteoprogenitor cell

2. osteoblasts

3. osteocytes

4. osteoclasts

Osteoprogenitor cells

Bone stem cells able to differentiate into the other type of cells

Osteoblasts

Bone-building cells that secrete matrix

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells

Osteoclasts

Remodel bones and cause them to release calcium

The basic unit of compact bone is ____________

Osteon

What are the 4 parts of compact bone?

1. lamellar

2. lacunae

3. canaliculi

4. central canal

Lamellae

Concentric rings of mineral

Lacunae

Spaces between lamellae that contains osteocytes

Canaliculi

Routes for nutrients and waste exchange for osteocytes

Central canal

Contains blood vessles

Spongy bone

-does not contain osteons

-Consists of columns of bone known as trabeculae

-no central canal

Compact bone

-basic unit is the osteon

-aligned parallel to the longitudinal axis of the diaphysis

-provides high resistance

Periosteum

Tough connective tissue sheath and associated blood supply covering the bone, except the articulating surfaces

What are the two layers of the periosteum?

-outer fibrous layer

-inner osteogenic larger

Inner osteogenic layer

Composed of cells that enable bone thickness growth

What are the functions of periosteum?

-protects the bone attaching to it by perforating fibers

-assists in fracture repair

-helps nourishing the bone

-serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons

Endosteum

-lines the medullary cavity

-single layer of bone-forming cells

-contribute to the thickening of the bone

Yellow marrow

-fatty tissue occupying the marrow cavity within the diaphysis

-stores triglycerides as potential chemical energy reserve

-contributes minimizing the weight of long bones without compromising strength

Red marrow

-connective tissue that generates the blood cells by hemopoiesis

-consists of developing blood cells, Adipocytes, fibroblasts, and macrophages within a network of reticular fibers

-only present in some bones in the adult (coxal, sternum, vertebral bodies, ribs , skull

________________ enter the diaphysis through Volkmann's canals

periosteal arteries

Periosteal veins

accompany their respective periosteal arteries

Nutrient artery

Enters the center of the diaphysis through a nutrient foramen

metaphyses and epiphyses

The ______________ and _______________ also have their own arteries and veins

Ossification (osteogenesis)

Process of bone formation

Bones form in which 4 situations?

1. During etymological and fetal development

2. When bones grow before adulthood

3. When bones remodel

4. When fractures heal

Ossification takes place in 2 forms:

1.intramembranous

2. Endochondral

intramembranous ossification

occurs in flat bones when a connective tissue membrane is replaced by bone

Ex. Frontanel

endochondral ossification

replaces cartilage with bone in the developing embryo and fetus

-also occurs in epiphyseal plates of long bones as they grow in length

The activity of the epiphyseal plate

What's the only way for diaphysis to grow in length?

Accelerates; shorter

Fracture damage to the epiphyseal plate __________________ the closure of the avascular cartilage and the bones ends up ______________

Normally, the closure of the epiphyseal plate occurs at about age ________ in female and __________in male

18; 21

Bone can grow in thickness by _________________

Oppositional growth

What contribute to the thickening of the bone?

periosteum and endosteum

The medullary cavity enlarges by _______________ as new bone is deposited in the surface by _________________

Osteoclasts; osteoblasts

Bone tissue continuously renews itself after birth as a _________________

Lifelong process

Spongy bone renews at _____________ the rate of compact bone

5 times out of

The distal end of femur is replaced every _____________ but some areas of its diaphysis will not be replaced ever

4 months

fracture

New bone is more resistant to ___________ than old bone

What are some factors affecting bone growth and remodeling?

1. Availability of large amounts of calcium and phosphorus

2.availability of vitamins (A,C, D, K, B12)

3. Availability of hormones (Insulin-like growth factors produced in response to human growth hormone)

Bone resorption occurs ___________________ than bone formation

More rapidly

Bone tissue can increase strength responding to __________________

mechanical stress

________________stimulates more than low impact constant strains

High-impact intermittent strains

Weight-bearing activities

________________ stimulate osteoblasts and retard age-related bone loss

From birth to adolescence:

More bone tissue is produced than lost during remodeling

Young adults:

Rates of bone deposition and resorption are the same

Middle age:

Decrease of bone mass as osteoclastic activity is greater than osteoblastic, particularly in females after menopause

Old age:

Bone loss through resorption is more rapidly than bone gain

What are the 2 effects of aging on bone tissue?

1. Loss of bone mass from demineralization

2. Brittleness of the bone from decrease rate of protein synthesis

Female

Demineralization begins early and faster in _________

What are the two liquid connective tissues?

Blood and lymph nodes

Blood is made of:

Plasma and formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, platelets)

Extracellular matrix (plasma with less proteins)and cells (lymphocytes and other cells)

Lymph is composed of:

The lymph is formed out of the __________

Blood

What is always found immediately adjacent to connective tissue?

Epithelial tissue

What provides the nutrients and removal of waste substances to the epithelial tissue?

Connective tissue

_______________ always covers and protects the _____________

Epithelial tissue; connective tissue

Epithelial tissue

-many cells tightly packed with little or none extracellular matrix

-no blood vessels

-form surface layers

-never covered by another tissue except in blood vessel

Connective tissue

-large amount of extracellular matrix with cell widely scattered

-highly vascular

-do not form surface layers

Epithelial and connective tissues are always adjacent to each other, together they form _______________

The tissue membranes of the body

What are the 2 types of tissue membranes?

Epithelial membranes and synovial membranes

Epithelial membranes consist of:

Epithelial layer and underlying connective tissue

Found in synovial joints that does not contain epithelium

Synovial membranes

What are 3 types of the epithelial membranes?

1. Mucous membranes

2. Serous membranes

3. Cutaneous membranes

Lines the body cavities that open directly to the outside

-digestive tract, respiratory airways, reproductive tracts, urinary tract

mucous membrane (mucosa)

What secrete mucus?

globlet cells

What are the function of the epithelial layer of mucous membrane?

-barrier for microbes and pathogens

-connect and avoid leaking in between the cells

-secrete mucus that avoid drying out, traps particles, and lubricate

-secrete digestive enzymes

-site for absorption in the GI tract

Areolar connective tissue layer of mucous membrane

lamina propria