Nuclear and cytoplasmic staining

Chapter 6

what substance is stainable in the nucleus

chromatin

what type of dye is attracted to chromatin

basophilic

what does heterochromatin stain with

hematoxylin

what is eosinophilic also known as

acidophilic

what is acidophilic also known as

eosinophilic

where are acinar cells found

pancreas

what organelles cannot be seen on H&E

mitochondria, membranes, golgi, centrioles,

what organelles can be seen on H&E

ER, ribosomes

what is an example of a physical stain

fat stains

how is staining physical

absorption

what is adsorption

attraction for particles by tissue 

what is ionic bonding

attraction through different charges

what is covalent bonding

sharing electrons

what is hydrogen bonding

between hydrogen and oxygen or nitrogen mostly in water

what is van der waals bonding

weak physical force

what is the nucleus stained with

basic dyes

what dye is basic

hematoxylin

what is another name for basic dyes

cationic

what charge do cationic or basic dyes have

positive

what is another name for acidic dyes

anionic

what charge do acidic or anionic dyes have

negative

what is amphoteric

carry a pos or neg charge

what happens to the charge of proteins when the pH is below 6

positive

what dyes are proteins attracted to when the pH is below 6

anionic or negative dyes

what happens to the charge of proteins when the pH is above 6

negative

what dyes are proteins attracted to when the pH is above 6

cationic or positive dyes

what are basophilic substances

attract basic dyes

what are acidophilic substances

attract acid dyes

what happens to cytoplamsic proteins when pH is below 6

attract eosin

what type of dye is eosin

negative and acidic

what happens to staining when pH is above 6

eosin will not bind

at what pH does eosin work best at

5

what is a chromophore

a group of atoms what have the property of color

what happens when the fundamental groups are increased in the same compound

more intense color

what can easily happen to chromophores

reduction

what happens when a chromophore is reduced

color is lost

what is a chromogen

a benzene with chromophore groups

what is an auxochrome

ionizing group that enables the dye to link to tissue

what is an example of a basic auxochrome

amino group

what are many dyes derivatives of

aniline

what are examples of acidic auxochrome

carboxyl, hydroxyl, sulfonic acid

what are examples of both chromophores and auxochromes

picric acid, trinitrobenzene

what is an example of a basic dye

crystal violet

what is an example of an acidic dye

picric acid

what are examples of lipid dyes

oil red o, sudan black

how do lipid dyes work

more soluble in fat as a physical process

what are examples of natural dyes

carmine, hematoxylin orcein and saffron

what factors affect dye binding

pH, temperature, concentration, salts

what fixative ingredients increase uptake of basophilic staining

formaldehyde, mercuric chloride and osmium tetroxide

what fixatives will decrease basophilic staining

bouins

what fixative will increase anionic dyes

picric acid

what are mordants

metals that link dye and tissue

what is regressive staining

overstained then differentiated

how are basic dyes differentiated

acidic solutions

how are acidic dyes differentiated

basic solutions

how is aluminum hematoxylin differentiated

hydrochloric acid

how is eosin differentiated

ammonium hydroxide

when is iron hematoxylin used

when acidic solutions are used later

what are examples of oxidizing differentiators

potassium permanganate and chromic acid

how is alcoholic eosin differentiated in routine H&E

alcohol

what can be used as a decolorizer

acid alcohol

what is the oxidized dye of hematoxylin

hematein

what is hematin

pigment formed from hemoglobin breakdown

what is the dye of hematoxylin

hematein

what is the charge of hematein

negative

what can be used to chemically oxidize hematoxylin

sodium iodate, mercuric oxide or potassium permanganate

what hematoxylin formulas naturally ripen

delafield and ehrlich

what hematoxylin formulas chemically oxidized

harris, mayer and gill

in what conditions is hematoxylin ripened quickly

basic solutions

what do the metal-hematein lakes bind to

phosphate groups

what is the oxidizer for modified harris, gill and mayer hematoxylin

sodium iodate

what is the oxidizer for delafield and ehrlich hematoxylin

oxygen

what is the oxidizer for weigert hematoxylin

ferric chloride

what uses sodium iodate as the oxidizer

harris, gill and mayer

what uses oxygen as the oxidizer

delafield and ehrlich

what uses ferric chloride as the oxidizer 

weigert

what are the aluminum hematoxylins

harris, delafield, mayer, ehrlich, gill

what are the iron hematoxylins

weigert

what type of hematoxylins are weigert

iron

what type of hematoxylin are harris, delafield, mayer, ehrlich, gill

aluminum

what is used to replace mercuric oxide in hematoxylin

sodium iodate

what hematoxylins need to be filtered before use

harris

what hematoxylins need to be aged before use

delafield, gill

how can you tell when an aluminum hematoxylin is ready to use

wine smell and deep purple-red color

what test be be done to determine if delafield hematoxylin is ready to use

purple edge on filter paper

how long is the shelf life for mayer hematoxylin

2-3 months

when is mayer hematoxylin recommended for use

ihc

which hematoxylins are used in progressive staining

harris, mayer

which hematoxylins are used in regressive staining

delafield, ehrlich,

what solvent prevents surface precipitates

ethylene glycol

what is uniquely stained with gill hematoyxlin

goblet cells and mucin

what do you do if there is a shiny precipitate on the top of the hematoxylin

filter

what color are overoxidized hemtoxylins

brown

what solutions are used as bluing

ammonium hydroxide, scotts tap water, lithium carbonate

what is the pH of bluing solutions

above 7

what is an iron hematoxylin

weigert

what is the advantage of iron hematoyxlin

resist discoloration in acid

how long can weigert hematoxylin be used

2-3 days

what can be used as a hematoxylin substitute

celestine blue

what are the common binding sites for plasma dyes

arginine, histidine and lysine