Carbonyl full summary

Mild oxidation of alcohol

Under [Cu+air], 1° alcohol converts to aldehyde, and 2° alcohol converts to ketone.

Mild reduction of acid

Using [Ni+BaSO4], acetic acid (CH3-COOH) is reduced to acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) and water (H2O).

Distillation

Calcium formate is distilled to produce formaldehyde (H-CHO) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

Industrial reaction of ethyne

Under the conditions of [20% H2SO4, 2% HgSO4, 60°C], ethyne reacts with water to produce vinyl alcohol (CH2=CH-OH) which tautomerizes to acetaldehyde (CH3CHO).

Ozonolysis

The outcome of ozonolysis depends on the number of carbons, leading to either aldehyde, ketone, or both.

Reactivity order

Methanal is more reactive than aldehydes, which are more reactive than ketones due to greater nucleophilic attack on methanal.

2,4 DNPH test

2,4 Dinitrophenylhydrazine is used for the identification of aldehydes and ketones, producing a yellow-orange Schiff base.

Grignard reagent reaction

Grignard reagent (R-MgX) leads to primary alcohol from formaldehyde, secondary alcohol from aldehyde, and tertiary alcohol from ketone.

Severe oxidation reaction products

Severe oxidation of alcohol with [K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4] can produce carboxylic acid, CO2, and H2O.

Fehling's test

Uses [Cu(OH)2 + NaOH] to differentiate between aldehydes (giving red precipitate) and ketones (no reaction).

Tollen's reagent

Alkaline solution [Ag(NH3)2]OH produces silver mirror with aldehydes but not ketones, identifying reducing agents.

Clemenson's reduction

Severe reduction with zinc amalgam and HCl produces alkanes from carbonyl compounds.

Cannizzaro reaction

A disproportionation reaction in which formaldehyde produces acid without alpha hydrogen.

Aldol condensation reaction

Requires at least one alpha hydrogen; formaldehyde, lacking alpha hydrogens, does not undergo this reaction.

Haloform reaction

Occurs when a methyl carbonyl group is present; CH3-C=O- must react with halogen and NaOH.

Nylon 6:6 production

A condensation reaction that merges two compounds, resulting in an elimination reaction.