HSCI 210 Digestive System

What is part of the upper digestive tract?

Mouth, esophagus, stomach

What is the vestibule in mouth?

Space between cheeks and teeth

What is the purpose of oral mucosa?

good at self defense

What is oral mucosa made of?

Stratified squamous epithelium

What is gingivitis?

Inflammation of gums

Why is the mouth made of oral mucosa?

Need to handle sharp things (ex. chips) that are eaten

What is the outer most layer of teeth?

Crown

What part of teeth is exposed?

Crown

What is the neck of teeth?

Covered by gums

What is the root of a tooth?

Goes into jaw bone/maxilla

What does enamel provide?

Barrier

What is enamel?

Bone

Do teeth contain a greater density of bone than skeletal bone?

Yes

Why do teeth have more density?

Doesn’t have much holes or blood vessels flowing through teeth

What is the layer below enamel?

Dentin

What makes up most of the teeth?

Dentin

What is in the in the middle of the tooth?

Pulp cavity

What is in the pulp cavity?

Blood vessels and nerves

Where does the nutrition of teeth come from?

Pulp cavity

What is the tube called that connects the tooth from the jaw?

Root canal

What happens when enamel breaks down?

Form a cavity

What does a cavity create?

A hallow space where bad stuff can get into dentin

What happens when the cavity gets too far deep into the tooth?

Abscess or tooth infection forms

What are two ways to get rid of abscess of teeth?

Pull the tooth out or root canal

What happens in a root canal?

Drill into the tooth and remove the pulp

Where do you not want infection in tooth?

Pulp cavity

What are the teeth in the front of your mouth?

Incisors

What are the purpose of incisors teeth?

Bite through things

What is the cuspid teeth also known as?

Canine

What is a unique feature of canine teeth?

Sharp tooth

What is the purpose of cuspid teeth?

grabbing onto things, and start grinding food

What is the purpose of premolar/bicuspid teeth?

Grinding food by having a flat surface

What is the purpose of molars?

Break all the food into tiny pieces

What is known as the third molar?

Wisdom teeth

What were the wisdom teeth known as back then?

Emergency back up tooth

Why is the wisdom teeth removed?

Crowding issue or beauty wise

What is the temporalis muscle used for?

Primary closure of jaw

What is the masseter muscle?

Jaw closure

How many salivary glands do you have?

3

What are the three types of salivary glands?

Parotid, sublingual, submandibular

Where is the parotid gland located?

Near your ear

Where is the submandibular gland located?

underneath your jaw

Where is the sublingual gland located?

Under your tongue

What do salivary glands help with?

Mechanical and chemical digestion

What is mechanical digestion?

Helps breakdown food

What is chemical digestion?

Molecular chemical breakdown of food and chemicals

Where is amylase found?

Saliva

What is the purpose of amylase?

Common digestive enzyme that breakdown carbohydrates and starches into simple sugars

Where do taste buds exist?

Tongue

What causes us the ability to taste?

Nerve endings

What is gustatory hairs?

Bind to particles in food and stimulate a neuron or nerve to perceive taste

What is papillae?

Holes in tongue where taste buds exist

What is the palette?

Roof of the mouth

What is the hard palate?

Bone there

What is the soft palate?

Epithelium and connective tissue

What does the hard and soft palate separate?

Oral cavity from nasal cavity

What is the uvula?

Dangles behind your throat

Where is the esophogus?

Runs down your throat into stomach

What is the primary function of the esophogus?

Muscle contractions to help move food down

What type of contractions does the esophogus do?

Peristaltic

What is another job of the esophogus?

Prevents foods from moving up

What structure makes sure food doesn’t go back up?

Sphincters

What is sphincters made of?

Smooth muscle

Where is the upper esophageal sphincter located?

In your throat

Where is the lower esophageal sphincter located?

right before your stomach

What is the esophagus made of?

Stratified squamous epithelium

What is the lower esophageal sphincter also known as?

Cardiac spincter

What is a fundus?

Farthest from the outlet

What is the body of the stomach?

Large hallow portion

What part of the stomach starts to get thinner?

Antrum

What is the pylorus?

Contains the pyloric sphincter

What is the pyloric sphincter?

Limits the flow of food form the stomach into small intesines

What helps move food around in stomach?

Muscularis externa

What is the wrinkled part of the stomach called?

Rouge

What is the purpose of rouge in the stomach?

Designed to stretch

Why does your stomach starts making weird noise?

Contracts when it knows you are about to eat

What is the mechanical digestion in stomach?

Muscles moving around and breaking things up physically

What is the chemical digestion in stomach?

use chemicals, enzymes, acid to breakdown molecules

What is the lining of stomach?

Simple columnar epithelium

What is the walls of the stomach made of?

Protein

What does the stomach contain a lot of?

Goblet cells

What is the purpose of goblet cells in stomach?

Makes layer of mucus to protect body from digestive enzymes

What is the gastric pit?

Deep holes in wall of the stomach

What is the gastric gland?

Most individual cells are responsible for secreting digestive enzymes

What is the purpose of parietal cells?

Secrete hydrochloric acid

What is the purpose of chief cells?

Secrete digestive enzyme pepsinogen

What is pepsinogen?

Deactive form of pepsin

How does pepsinogen turn into pepsin?

Reactive with hydrochloric acid

What does pepsin do?

Breaks down protein

Where do you not want pepsin in?

Gastic glands

What is the purpose of enteroendocrine cells?

Helps regulate activity of other cells, signals neighboring cells to turn on

What is gastroesophogeal reflux disease?

People who experience reflux on a regular basis

Does your esophagus have the protection to acid?

No

What does GERD cause?

There is a risk for some damage, inflammation, and potential scaring in esophagus

What do doctors see with people with GERD?

The cardiac sphincter doesn’t work

What is another problem that doctors see with GERD?

There is more hydrochloric acid in the stomach

What is used to reduce GERD?

Proton pump inhibitor drugs

What is a permanent fix to GERD?

Nissen fundoplication

What does a Nissen fundoplication do?

stretches the fundus and wrap around the esophagus

What is part of the lower digestive tract?

Small and large intestines