VOCAB UNIT 7 APUSH

Neutrality

Neutrality

U.S. government's tradition of noninvolvement in foreign affairs, which was started by President Washington and President Jefferson and continued at first by President Wilson in regards to WWI.

Allied Powers

Victorious alliance of Great Britain, France and Russia against the Central Powers during WWI, which the United States eventually joined upon its entrance to the war.

Central Powers

Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire that was defeated by the Allied Powers during WWI.

Submarine Warfare

New type of underwater naval weapons that Germany used to great effect during WWI, however, Germany's unrestricted use of the weapons helped push the United States into the war.

Sinking of the Lusitania

British passenger liner destroyed by German submarines, which resulted in 128 American deaths and pushed the United States toward entering WWI.

Sussex Pledge

German diplomatic promise to the United States to not sink merchant or passenger ships without giving due warning after sinking the Lusitania, Arabic and Sussex.

Propaganda

Media used to influence public opinion, such as the British supplying stories of German war atrocities to the American press to sway U.S. popular opinion toward the Allied Powers.

Ethnic Influences

Sympathies toward various countries of the Allied and Central Powers based on ancestry, such as German-American sympathy toward Germany.

Preparedness

Concept of greater defense expenditures when a country is not at war in order to be ready for a potential major conflict, such as the United States before entering WWI.

Jeannette Rankin

First woman elected to Congress and a peace-minded Progressive who voted against U.S. entry into WWI and was the only vote against U.S. entry into WWII.

Election of 1916

Presidential election in which the Republic Party reunified, but President Wilson still won because of his strong Progressive leadership and neutrality views.

"He Kept Us Out of War"

Successful campaign slogan for Democratic President Wilson's reelection campaign in the election of 1916 that focused on President Wilson's views on neutrality.

Edward House

President Wilson's chief foreign policy adviser and U.S. colonel who tried unsuccessfully to negotiate a peace settlement to WWI between Great Britain, France and Germany.

Zimmerman Telegram

Telegram from a German foreign minister to Mexican officials proposing an alliance against the United States, which was intercepted by the British, published and sparked American outrage.

Russian Revolution

Overthrow of the Russian Czar and the creation of a republic in March of 1917, which transitioned to a communist revolution in November of 1917.

Declaration of War

Official government announcement of hostilities with another nation, such as Congress overwhelmingly voting in favor of hostilities with the Central Powers in April 1917.

Bolsheviks

Russian communists who took over Russia in November of 1917 and eventually removed Russia from WWI by signing a peace treaty with the Central Powers in 1918.

American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

U.S. Army troops led by General Pershing that were sent to Europe once the United States entered WWI in 1917 in order to help the Allied Powers defeat the Central Powers.

John J. Pershing

U.S. Army General who led an "expeditionary force" in a failed pursuit of Pancho Villa and who later became the successful leader of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) during WWI.

Western Front

Line of trenches and fortifications between Allied Powers and German forces that was known for fierce fighting, high casualties and being the focus of German efforts after the Russian surrender.

November 11, 1918

Day that the Germans agreed to an armistice, officially ending fighting in WWI, but setting the stage for tense peace negotiations between the Allied Powers.

"Peace Without Victory"

Famous speech President Wilson gave to Congress in January of 1917, in which he stated he hoped to diplomatically end WWI and laid out his peace ambitions for the postwar world.

Fourteen Points

President Wilson's idealistic peace program for WWI, which included arms reduction, free trade, self-determination and the creation of a League of Nations to protect peace and resolve conflicts.

Big Four

Leaders of the victorious Allied Powers in WWI, which included David Llyod George of Great Britain, Georges Clemenceau of France, Vittorio Orlando of Italy and President Wilson for the United States.

Treaty of Versailles

Peace agreement forced on Germany after WWI that did not include many of President Wilson's 14 Points, severely punished Germany and ultimately was not agreed to by the United States.

Self-Determination

Idea that various peoples should get to form their own state and choose their own government, which was part of President Wilson's 14 Points.

League of Nations

International diplomatic organization pushed for by President Wilson as part of his 14 Points, which was created through the Treaty of Versailles, but was rejected by the United States Senate.

Article X

Controversial part of the League of Nations charter that would force the United States to enter into international conflicts if a member of the League of Nations was attacked, which infuriated isolationists.

Henry Cabot Lodge

Leading Senate Republican who led the reservationist faction in opposition to the Treaty of Versailles, specifically Article X of the League of nations charter.

Irreconcilables

Senators who could not accept U.S. membership in the League of Nations because of Article X and it did not matter to them what reservations were added.

Reservationists

Senators who could accept U.S. membership to the League of Nations, but only if certain reservations were added to Article X of the League of Nations charter,

Rejection of the Treaty of Versailles

Senate vote to oppose the Treaty of Versailles, which resulted in the United States not joining the League of Nations and signing a separate peace treaty with Germany.

Mobilization

Action of a government preparing and organizing the country for active service, such as the Wilson administration rapidly pivoting the U.S. economy to war production in order to enter WWI.

War Industries Board

Government agency led by Bernard Baruch, which set production priorities and established centralized control over raw materials and prices in order to prepare for U.S. entry into WWI.

Food Administration

Government agency led by Herbert Hoover, which successfully encouraged American households to eat less meat and bread so that more food could be shipped abroad to Allied troops.

Railroad Administration

Government agency led by Treasury Secretary William McAdoo, which took public control of the railroads to coordinate traffic and promote standardized railroad equipment.

National War Labor Board

Government agency led by former President Taft, which helped arbitrate disputes between workers and employers, such as higher wages and the eight-hour work day.

Liberty Bonds

War bonds issued by the U.S. Treasury in four installments between 1917 and 1918 as a means to finance the Allied war effort in Europe and U.S. participation in WWI.

George Creel

Journalist and leader of the Committee on Public Information, which enlisted the voluntary services of artists, writers, vaudeville performers and movie stars to promote the U.S. war effort in WWI.

Committee on Public Information

Propaganda government agency led by George Creel, which enlisted the services of artists, writers, vaudeville performers and movie stars to promote the U.S. war effort in WWI.

Barred Zone Act (1917)

Congressional law that prohibited anyone residing in a region from the Middle East to southeast Asia from entering the United States and implemented a literacy test for immigrants.

Espionage Act (1917)

Congressional law that provided for imprisonment of up to 20 years for persons who tried to incite rebellion in the armed forces or obstructed the draft.

Sedition Act (1918)

Congressional law that went far beyond the Espionage Act by prohibiting anyone from making "disloyal" or "abusive" remarks about the U.S. government.

Eugene V. Debs

Labor advocate and Socialist leader who was sentenced to ten years in federal prison for speaking out against U.S. participation in WWI.

Schenck v. United States

Landmark SCOTUS case that upheld the constitutionality of the Espionage Act by ruling that free speech could be limited when it represented a "clear and present danger" to public safety.

Selective Service Act (1917)

Congressional law that established the draft lottery system still in use today and was specifically created to help raise troops for U.S. entry into WWI.

Service by African Americans

Unfulfilled hope held by W.E.B. Du Bois that the almost 400,000 African Americans who served valiantly in WWI in segregated units would have equal rights when they returned.

Jobs for Women

Increased employment opportunities for women as men volunteered for or were drafted into the military during WWI, which contributed to the war cause and increased support for women's suffrage.

Migration of Mexicans

Thousands of Mexicans came to the United States for job opportunities created by the war effort during WWI, but also to escape the upheavals of a revolution in Mexico.

The Great Migration

Large scale movement of African Americans from the South into the North because of deteriorating race relations in the South and employment opportunities in the North because of the war effort.

1918 Pandemic

Severe influenza outbreak that infected an estimated 500 million people worldwide and claimed an estimated 50 million lives, but the rapid spread was underreported to keep up morale during war.

Recession

Economic downturn, such as the economic plunge that occurred in 1921 after the business boom of war efforts during WWI stopped and unemployment levels reached 10%.

Red Scare

Widespread anti-Communist hysteria in the United States following WWI, which resulted in immigration restrictions and the dangerous Palmer Raids.

Anti-German Hysteria

Widespread fear and negative feelings toward anything or anyone German, which occurred in the United States during WWI.

Anti-Communist Hysteria

Widespread fear and negative feelings toward anything or anyone Communist, which happened during the Red Scare after WWI.

Xenophobia

Prejudice against people from other countries, which became widespread in the United States during and after WWI through events such as the Red Scare.

Palmer Raids

Mass investigations and arrests of suspected anarchists, socialists and labor agitators based on limited to no criminal evidence as part of the Red Scare.

Strikes of 1919

Series of labor disputes in 1919 that ended with troops being called in, some of which ended in considerable violence.

Race Riots

Eruptions of violence over race relations, such as the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre, in which white mobs destroyed over 1,000 Black-owned homes and businesses in an area known as Black Wall Street.

Economic Prosperity

Time of significant economic growth and security, such as most of the 1920s in the United States, which became known as the Roaring 20s.

Roaring 20s

Nickname for the 1920s in the United States because of the lengthy period of economic prosperity between the end of WWI and the start of the Great Depression.

Standard of Living

Degree of wealth available to a person or community, which determines how much material comfort a person or community can afford.

Scientific Management

System of organizing workers in the most efficient ways possible by standardizing tools, equipment and methods, which was developed by Frederick W. Taylor.

Henry Ford

Automobile industrialist who perfected the moving assembly line for manufacturing cars and helped revolutionize American culture by introducing the affordable Model T.

Assembly Line

System of manufacturing that drastically improves efficiency through breaking the manufacturing process down into simple and easily repeatable tasks for workers.

Consumer Appliances

Machines utilized by the average household that became popular during the 1920s because of advancements in electricity, manufacturing and advertising.

Impact of the Automobile

Cultural change caused by a new transportation machine that families could own and use to live in suburbs and commute to work and gave a new sense of independence to young drivers.

Open Shop

Business policy of allowing jobs to be available to nonunion workers.

Welfare Capitalism

Business practice of voluntarily offering improved benefits and higher wages in order to reduce worker interest in unionization.

Industrial Design

Fusion of art and technology into a new profession, which focused on creating functional products that had aesthetic appeal.

Art Deco

Architectural style popular during the 1920s that captured modernist simplification of forms while using machine age materials, such as the Chrysler Building.

Mass Media

Widely circulated and consumed forms of media such as newspapers, magazines and the more recent forms of media of the 1920s, such as the radio and movies.

Radio

Form of mass media that became popular during the 1920s through nationally broadcasted music, news broadcasts, sporting events, soap operas, quiz shows and comedies.

Networks

Mass media companies that originated in radio such as NBC (1924) and CBS(1927) that eventually made the transition to television as well.

Movie Industry

Form of mass media centered in Hollywood that became popular during the 1920s with the rise of "talkies," film stars such as Greta Garbo and elaborate movie theaters.

Hollywood

Center of the movie industry, which became prominent during the 1920s with the rise of "talkies," film stars such as Greta Garbo and elaborate movie theaters.

Popular Music

Styles of music that became part of mainstream American culture through mass media, such as jazz during the 1920s.

Phonographs

Early record players that became popular during the 1920s that along with the radio, helped spread new styles of music.

Popular Heroes

Larger-than-life personalities celebrated on the sports page and movie screens that Americans started to idolize and adopt as role models with the rise of mass media.

Aviation

Flying or operating of aircraft, which became more popular in the 1920s as airplane technology improved and created new American heroes such as pilot Charles Lindbergh.

Charles Lindbergh

Celebrated American aviator who became famous for completing a solo nonstop trans-Atlantic flight, but was also a staunch isolationist and member of the America First Committee.

Modernism

Cultural and spiritual movement of the 1920s, in which some Protestants took a critical view of certain passages in the Bible and accepted new concepts, such as Darwin's theory of evolution.

Fundamentalism

Cultural and spiritual movement of the 1920s, in which some Protestants believed every word in the Bible was true literally and embraced doctrines such as creationism over evolution.

Revivalists

Popular fundamentalist preachers of the 1920s who often utilized the radio to reach national audiences.

Billy Sunday

Popular revivalist and radio evangelist who drew large crowds with his fundamentalist messages and attacks on drinking, gambling and dancing.

Aimee Semple McPherson

Popular revivalist and radio evangelist from Los Angeles who condemned communism and the moral impact of jazz music.

Scopes Trial

Tennessee court case over a state law banning the teaching of evolution in public schools, which technically ended in a victory for fundamentalists, but was viewed as a larger win for modernists.

Clarence Darrow

Famous Chicago lawyer for the defense in the Scopes Trial who ultimately lost the case, but was given credit by the Northern press for discrediting William Jennings Bryan and fundamentalism.

Prohibition

Outlawing the manufacture and sale of alcohol, which temperance leaders achieved at the state level in two-thirds of the states by 1915 and the national level with the 18th Amendment in 1920.

Volstead Act (1919)

Congressional law that gave the national government the authority to enforce prohibition through the 18th amendment.

Al Capone

Chicago gangster and crime boss known for using extreme violence to corner the market on the illegal and lucrative bootlegging industry during Prohibition.

Organized Crime

Enterprises set up for the purpose of engaging in illegal activities, such as Al Capone and bootlegging during Prohibition.

21st Amendment

Amendment that was ratified during the Great Depression, which repealed the 18th Amendment and ended Prohibition.

Quota Laws

Congressional acts passed in 1921 and 1924 that severely limited immigration to the United States in response to nativist fears and the Red Scare.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian immigrants and anarchists who were tried and executed for murder in the 1920s and whose trial showcased nativist attitudes because the evidence against them was circumstantial at best.

Ku Klux Klan

White supremacy group who reemerged during the 1920s and gained political power in the South/Midwest by using extreme tactics and violence to intimidate African Americans and White reformers.

Birth of a Nation

Popular silent film about the Ku Klux Klan during Reconstruction that portrayed them as heroes and partially led to the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan during the 1920s.

African Americans

Group of Americans who were the main targets of the violence of the Ku Klux Klan during the 1920s as part of the Ku Klux Klan's racist and nativist beliefs.

Foreigners

Group of Americans targeted by the Ku Klux Klan for being "un-American" as part of the Ku Klux Klan's racist and nativist beliefs.

Suspected Communists

Group of Americans targeted by the Ku Klux Klan for harboring "un-American" political ideology as part of the Ku Klux Klan's racist and nativist beliefs.