Patient Care, Legal, Ethical, and Safety Issues

Special protection should be taken to prevent excessive exposure to

ionizing radiation

Which of the following specialties uses a nonionizing form of radiation?

sonography

The discovery of x-rays occurred in

1895

An individual who specializes in using x-rays to create images of the body is known as a

radiographer

An effective treatment of atherosclerosis that uses a special catheter with a balloon tip is termed

angioplasty

A discipline that visualizes sectional anatomy by the recording of a predetermined plane in the body is

computed tomography

Radiography of the breast is termed

mammography

The study of diseases of muscles and bones is termed

orthopedics

An individual who specializes in carrying out treatments designed to correct or improve the function of a particular body part or system is known as a

therapist

Which of the following is a voluntary process through which an agency grants recognition to an individual on demonstration, usually by examination, of specialized pro-fessional skills

certification

Which of the following is a listing of individuals holding certification credentials in a particular profession? 

registry

What organization certifies individuals in radiography? 

American Registry of Radiologic Technologists

Which of the following organizations represents the interests of radiologic technologists to the public and federal government? 

American Society of Radiologic Technologists 

What purpose is served by the standards document for a profession? 

It specifies the requirements for accreditation of an edu-cational program by a joint review committee.

Which of the following is the process by which a govern-mental agency (usually at the state level) grants permission to individuals to practice their profession?

licensure

Which title is granted to a radiographer after success-ful completion of the American Registry of Radiologic Technologist’s examination in radiography? 

registered technologist, radiographer

Which of the following organizations is a sponsor of the Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology and the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists? 

American Society of Radiologic Technologists

Which of the following is a voluntary peer process through which an agency grants recognition to an institution for a program of study that meets specified criteria?

accreditation

Approximately how many individuals are registered by the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists? 

330,000

Stress is defined as

Demand on time, energy, and resources with some threat included.

The best ways to reduce stress are by

controlling time, thinking positively, and buffering stressors

When taking a test, always

Answer all questions you know first, then go back and repeat, leaving the most difficult questions for last. 

In-control language

is positive and expresses choice 

The biggest thief of time is

indecision

When managing time, practice self-management, which includes which of the following?

Prioritizing, setting limits, and providing for self-care

Stress buffers include

exercise and good nutrition

Vitamins and minerals depleted as a result of stress are:

B complex, C, and magnesium. 

Students in medical professions often learn to apply theo-ries through the review of a real-life situation or scenario. What is this activity called? 

case study 

What is the first step involved in problem solving associ-ated with critical thinking? 

Identify and clarify the problem. 

What is the primary factor in determining the solution to the problem in critical thinking?

the solution that provides the best outcome for the patient

In what aspect of the education program for a radiologic sci-ence professional is the student exposed to real-life experi-ences that allow him or her to transfer knowledge into action? 

clinical

Analyzing personal values and feelings and managing uncomfortable ethical situations are components of what type of critical thinking? 

affective

Which of the following describes a situation in which technical critical-thinking skills are required? 

A trauma patient has a broken femur, and specialized hip radiographs are required.

For the scenario in question 9, which of the following would be the most appropriate next step in solving this problem? 

Bring to the nurse’s attention that you saw the needle touch the sheet outside the patient room. 

Individuals born between 1981 and 1995 are generally referred to as: 

generation Y 

Over the next three decades, which of the following age groups is expected to be the fastest-growing segment of the population?

85+

Which one of the following does not relate to a person’s ethnicity? 

dress

Which of the following is not one of the ways that culturally different individuals have interacted with the US majority culture in the past? 

multiculturalism

Sexual orientation regards an individual’s designation as any of the following EXCEPT: 

asexuality

Approximately what percentage of world’s population has some type of disability? 

10

Which of the following is considered the most profound step that the United States has ever undertaken to prevent discrimination toward people with a disability? 

The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 

Of the following, which one is not considered an element that may contribute to the ability of an organization to become culturally competent? 

ignoring cultural norms and values

The highest level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is: 

self-actualization

The word ambulatory means that the patient: 

can walk

Which of the following would you not want to discuss with a patient? 

medical chart

Questions about the diagnosis of an examination from a patient or visitor are best answered by: 

explaining that only a radiologist can read radiographs

Which method is effective in communicating with a patient?

1. professional appearance

2. touch

3. pantomime techniques

1, 2, and 3

Of the changes that occur in geriatric patients that are especially important when patients are undergoing radiologic examinations, which of the following may produce patient paranoia about potential falls with potential for permanent loss of mobility? 

osteoporotic loss of bone mass 

Which of the following is considered to be the first stage of acceptance of dying for a terminally ill patient? 

denial and isolation

Which of the following permits the patient to begin to work through the various stages that precede dying? 

open awareness 

The process whereby an organization seeks recognition from its peer groups through demonstrated compliance with developed standards is termed

accreditation

In the diagnosis of patient disease states, physicians can select from an array of medical diagnostic modalities. Some of these involve the use of ionizing energy to create a medical image. If a physician is concerned about the use of ionizing radiation, he or she may choose to order any of the following diagnostic modalities except

Positron Emission Tomography

Which of the following situations would require critical analysis thinking skills?

1. A patient asking for directions to the restroom

2. A physician asking you to call his office to connect with his/her nurse

3. Improvising the use of a receive coil to compensate for a patient condition

4. Your supervisor asking you to develop a new quality control plan

5. Repositioning a patient after assessing the patient’s previous images

6. Providing a gown to a patient with instructions on putting it on correctly

7. Modifying protocol factors after reviewing the patient’s history

3, 4, 5, and 7 only

Valuable traits of the U.S. mainstream culture include which of the following?

1. Strong work ethic

2. Efficiency

3. Travel and mobility

4. Tolerance and patience

5. Individualism

6. Capitalism

7. Competition

---

1, 2, 5, and 7 only

The transfer of knowledge gained in the laboratory or classroom setting is best demonstrated

in an actual clinical setting on patients.

The fight-or-flight response is a natural process of the body. It is characterized by

the release of hormones to increase metabolism.

Critical thinking skills are necessary for the competent medical imaging professional. Various organizations within the radiologic sciences provide guidance and documentation of these traits. As an example, the American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT) publishes ______________ that help define specific professional expectations and responsibilities.

Practice standards 

A social organization that seeks to understand and accept peoples from diverse backgrounds through policies and procedures, communication media, activities, and so on, in an effort to achieve a positive cross-cultural environment, is seeking to achieve

cultural competency.

According to the 2010 U.S. Census, more than 40% of the population was 60 years old and older. This age class of citizens represents a very large population that will have a significant impact on the country with regard to economics, politics, health care, employment, and so on. This group is collectively referred to as _____, and the country will undoubtedly change in many ways to accommodate these valued members of society.

Baby boomers

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, few people completely satisfy the need for

self-fulfillment and self-actualization.

The medical imaging specialty of _______ uses radiopharmaceuticals and gamma radiation in the production of medical images for patient diagnosis.

Nuclear Medicine

To study the blood vessels of the brain, kidneys, liver, and other organs, contrast material is administered into these vessels by using

catheters

A patient who is near death will likely exhibit what signs of impending death?

1. Loss of bowel functions and control.

2. State of unconsciousness.

3. Unusual high level of alertness and response to conversation.

4. A condition of “wasting away” (cachexia).

1, 2, and 4 only

As you prepare to study for your final examinations, one of your classmates asks to study with you because she has not been keeping up with the lectures, having missed a few classes over the past week. This person always seems unhappy and is never prepared for clinical experiences. She frequently complains about having to get up so early to get to class and that she is not sure she made the right choice in selecting radiologic technology. Studying with this classmate will

create a negative climate for both of you; you should politely excuse yourself.

A physician who specializes in the interpretation of medical images is known as a

radiologist

When working with an elderly patient,

speak slowly and clearly and ask for understanding and feedback.

Time management is an important part of controlling stress levels. Effective methods to control time include:

1. avoiding deadlines because they only add stress to one's life.

2. pushing yourself to unknown limits because you need to know your potential.

3. determining the most important activities that could contribute to your success.

4. focusing only on those activities that are important, allowing little time for close friends and family.

5. doubling your study time to improve your grade from a D to an A.

3 only

Aging is a natural part of living. As you work with older patients, it is important to empathize with their conditions and understand the physiologic changes of the aging process. These changes may include

1. always feeling cold.

2. a heightened state of mental alertness and memory.

3. a greater awareness of their surroundings.

4. a loss of tactile sensation in the fingertips.

5. a greater likelihood of skin damage during movement and transport.

6. less flexibility and joint mobility.

1, 4, 5, and 6 only 

While enjoying a light breakfast in a local coffee shop, a small group sits down at an adjacent table.  You overhear them making derogatory statements about people who are obese. Comments such as, I can't believe people can eat so much! How can they let themselves get that way? These questions are typical of the conversation. One group member openly states;  why can't they be like us, fit and trim? Don't they understand what they are doing to their bodies? This group is demonstrating ______________________________.

ethnocentrism

Professional certification of MRI practitioners is offered by the

ARRT & ARMRIT

All of the following are nonverbal communication characteristics except

words used.

Nutrition that will improve your stress level includes

eating a spinach salad topped with nuts and tomatoes.

A dying patient who wants to stay alive long enough to see his son graduate from college would be in what stage of the dying process?

Bargaining

When you consider the many organizations that make up the medical imaging profession, it is accurate to conclude that

the collective group of agencies are responsible for the accreditation, certification, and representation of the medical imaging profession.

As a patient begins to accept the inevitability of death, he or she may ask to discuss important circumstances that will affect the last moments of life. These concerns may include the administration of CPR techniques, organ donation, internment plans, pain control, and sedation. To formalize these wishes, patients will complete a(n)

advance directive.

When communicating with a young child as part of an MRI examination, an effective strategy to communicate would be to

1. kneel down to the child's eye level and lower your voice.

2. speak loudly and quickly so the child knows you're in charge.

3. allow one of the younger radiographers in the department to perform the study.

4. speak exclusively to the parent so the child cooperates.

1 only

Another term for human diversity is

cultural diversity.

A native-born Latino individual who has moved to the United States and successfully blended into local community activities, such as work, church, school, and volunteering, without losing his native culture demonstrates

biculturalism

Accredited programs in radiologic technology are recognized by the Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology (JRCERT). Programs seeking this programmatic recognition necessarily must comply with the JRCERT

Essentials and Guidelines.

Touch can be an effective communication strategy when dealing with patients for medical examinations. As you ask a patient to move up slightly on the MRI table, you gently touch his or her hip or shoulder to guide them into the correct position. This is a type of touch for

emphasis

To perform effectively and compassionately as a radiologic sciences professional, it is important to understand the areas of human cultural diversity. These may include

1. social organizations.

2. phobias.

3. symbolism.

4. space.

5. time.

6. communication.

1, 4, 5, and 6 only

The Greek physician Hippocrates is regarded as the father of Western medicine. All of the following choices represent his medical beliefs except the

important medical value of sorcery and witchcraft.

An example of a stress buffer is

exercising with friends for 45 minutes the day before a big test.

HIPAA provides guidelines for

patients private health information.

The cadence and rhythm of your speech, often referred to as the music of speech, is known as

paralanguage

Wilhelm C. Roentgen's discovery of the X-ray is regarded as one of medicine s most significant achievements. Although his discovery was accidental, his early research was so thorough that no significant findings have been added to his original theories. This in itself is a true tribute to the brilliance of Roentgen as a scientist. One of the most famous early images he created was an X-ray image of his

wife's hand.

Throughout the history of medicine, remarkable achievements have been recorded. These events have led to our current understanding of the human organism and disease. As this research continues, much of it will most likely focus on

human genes and genetic engineering.

Nuclear medicine uses _________________ ?

radionuclide

Clearly understanding your emotions when handling patients and their families is referred to as

emotional intelligence.

To protect the human rights of people with disabilities, four essential core values of human rights were recognized by the 1993 Vienna Declaration for Human Rights. These core values are

solidarity, dignity, autonomy, and equality.

You are working as a radiographer in a small community hospital. As you get on the elevator to ride up to the cafeteria for your morning break, you are joined by a group of people who are quite vocal about the skin tone and dialect of the doctor that is taking care of one of their family members. This group inherently demonstrates a group

bias

In the process of preparing a Hmong patient for an MRI, you discover the patient speaks no English. She has no family members with her and was escorted down by hospital transport. A necessary part of the examination is for the patient to complete a screening form and informed consent document. An effective strategy you could use to accomplish this would be

delaying the procedure until a qualified legal translator can be present during the explanation. 

The distinction between a technologist and a technician can be confusing to the general public when related to medical personnel. A key difference between the two involves education. A technologist typically

has a higher level of education and deal with higher-level problems.

Which of the following would not reflect a human diversity characteristic?

Occupation

Which of the following is an example of a negative nonverbal communication technique?

Talking to the patient with your back turned as you record in the chart.

A common emotion of most patients entering the hospital is

fear of the unknown and about their condition. 

The organization that is principally responsible for the general welfare of the profession of radiologic technology, through its efforts in continuing education, practice standards, and socioeconomics is the

American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT).

Types of pathogens

Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, and Parasitic protozoa

Microorganisms that cause infectious diseases can be classified as: 

pathogenic

The best method of preventing the spread of aerosol infections is by: 

the patient wearing a mask