History Final Questions

Implied powers

Authority or power not specifically mentioned in the Constitution

Cabinet

Precedent that became part of the executive branch established by Washington

Nonpartisan

a lack of affiliation with a political party and a lack of political bias.

Creation of a national bank

The most heated debates over Alexander Hamilton's economic program involved the

Implied power

Authority or power not specifically mentioned in the Constitution

XYZ Affair

French request of bribes from American diplomats during the Adam's presidency

Charles C. Pinckney

Established treaty with Spain that opened the Mississippi to American navigation

Strong government that favored the wealthy

Alexander Hamilton believed in

Concession for the right to navigate the Mississippi River

The United States was able to win concession for the right to navigate the Mississippi River from Spain after the Jay's Treaty because Spain feared an Anglo-American alliance

Alien and Sedition Acts

These acts were an attempt by the Federalists during John Adams' presidency to ban free speach of the Jeffersonian Democrats/ Republicans and increase the requirments of citizenship

Protective tariff

High tax on imports that reduces foreign competition

Judicial Review

Supreme Court's power to decide whether laws passed by Congress are constitutional

Embargo Act

U.S. foreign policy passed in 1807 that forbade United States ships from sailing or trading with any foreign countries

Berlin and Milan Decrees

Issued by France, it forbade neutral ships from stopping at British ports or to import British goods to French-controlled countries

Louisiana Purchase

Land deal that President Jefferson supported in order to gain control of New Orleans

Hartford Convention

Meeting of New England Federalists in 1814 that protested American involvement in the war, called for secession, constitutional amendments, and tried to lessen the political power of the South

War of 1812 Nicknames

The New England Federalists referred to the War of 1812 by the nicknames: Mr. Madison's War, and the 2nd War for Indpendence

Treaty of Ghent

Treaty ended the War of 1812

Rush-Bagot Agreement

The first mutual disarmament treaty signed after the War of 1812

Military Preparedness for War of 1812

America's military was not prepared for the War of 1812 due to debt from the Revolution preventing military spending and Jefferson's belief that a large Army would threaten civil liberties.

Public Opinion of John Quincy Adams

Public opinion of President John Quincy Adams was that people felt his use of tax money on the arts & universities was a waste and too much government control.

Election of 1828 Significance

The election of 1828 was significant in American history because it showed the growing political power of the West as a result of Andrew Jackson winning the presidency.

Worcester v. Georgia Ruling

Chief Justice John Marshall believed that the Cherokee were a sovereign people.

Removal of the Cherokees

The removal of the Cherokees across the Mississippi is known as the Trail of Tears.

John C. Calhoun's Nullification

John C. Calhoun called for nullification on the grounds that the states existed before the federal government and therefore had the right to nullify federal laws.

Political Doctrine of Nullification

A political doctrine that states have the right to void federal laws is known as Nullification.

Nullification Crisis

The crisis of nullification in 1832 foreshadowed the Civil War as talk of nullification in the South moved to secession.

John C. Calhoun

A South Carolina states' rights advocate who favored nullification

Jacksonian Democracy

Defined as the extension of the vote to all white males and the political rise of the West.

Spoils system

Giving out political jobs as rewards

Corrupt Bargain of 1824

The political agreement during the presidential election of 1824 that involved Henry Clay becoming Secretary of State and John Quincy Adams the president

Supreme Court case that supported legality of the Bank of the United States

McCulloch v. Maryland

Jackson's pet banks

State banks that Jackson favored and placed money into to dismantle and destroy the Bank of the United States

Extension of the right to vote during Jacksonian America

Universal white manhood suffrage

American Progress painting

Most closely represents the ideas of John O'Sullivan's Manifest Destiny

Treaty that ended the Mexican War

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Discovery of gold in California and slavery

A rapid increase in population and the application for statehood as a free state

Compromise of 1850

California entered as a free state, harsh fugitive slave laws, & Mexican Cession open to slavery through popular sovereignty

Fugitive slave laws and sectional tensions

They required all citizens to aid in the capture of slaves

Effect of Uncle Tom's Cabin

It spread the message of abolitionism to an enormous and new audience

Know-Nothings

Nativist political party that was against immigrants

Hudson River School of Art

An art movement focused on the American landscape

Jackson Turner's Frontier Thesis

A theory that emphasized the importance of the American frontier in shaping democracy

Ralph Waldo Emerson's Self Reliance

Transcendentalist and philosophical work promoting individualism and self-sufficiency

Monroe Doctrine

A U.S. policy opposing European colonialism in the Americas. Key concepts were non-interference & non-colonization

Wilmot Proviso

A proposal to ban slavery in territory acquired from Mexico

Adams Onis Treaty

A treaty that defined the boundary between the U.S. and New Spain and resulted in the acquisition of Florida.

Know-Nothing Party

A political party that aimed to deny jobs to immigrants, arguing that business owners should employ true Americans.

Freeport Doctrine

A principle created by Stephen A. Douglas stating that slavery could be prevented in territories by local legislation, despite the Dred Scott decision. (Popular Sovereignty)

Election of 1860

An election that resulted in a split country and caused secession, as Lincoln won without Southern support.

First state to secede

South Carolina was the first state to secede from the Union.

Lincoln's First Inaugural Address

A statement where Lincoln rejected the theory that Southern states had the right to secede from the Union.

King Cotton Diplomacy

A strategy used by the South to force European recognition of the Confederacy.

First shots of the Civil War

Fired at Fort Sumter.

Causes of the Civil War

Slavery, sectional conflict, and states rights were causes

Lincoln's assassination

Abraham Lincoln was assassinated in Ford's Theatre.

Reconstruction

The period after the Civil War that involved the rebuilding of the South physically, socially, and politically.

Fourteenth Amendment

Granted former slaves citizenship.

Thirteenth Amendment

Granted former slaves freedom.

Fifteenth Amendment

Granted former slaves the right to vote.

President after Lincoln's assassination

Andrew Johnson became president when Lincoln was assassinated.

End of Reconstruction

The Compromise of 1877

Laws aimed at segregating newly freedmen

Jim Crow Laws

Legal segregation

De jure segregation

Educational reformer advocating vocational education of the Freedmen

Booker T. Washington

Supreme Court cases that set the precedent of separate but equal

Plessy v. Ferguson

Political group supporting rights of newly freed slaves

Radical Republicans

Civil Rights Era of the 1960s is often called

The Second Reconstruction

Gilded Age definition

The era represented wealth on the surface but was characterized by corruption and greed.

Political tactic 'waving the bloody shirt'

Exploiting memories of the Civil War.

Economic system characterized by private ownership and competition

Capitalism

Theory advocating elimination of private property

Communism

Adam Smith's 1776 book defining capitalism

The Wealth of Nations

Horatio Alger Myth

The belief in rags to riches

Difference between American Federation of Labor and Knights of Labor

The American Federation of Labor only accepted skilled labor.

William Jennings Bryan's principal campaign issue in 1896

Commitment to the free coinage of silver/ bimetallism

Knights of Labor

Accepted skilled and unskilled workers.

American Federation of Labor

Only accepted skilled labor.

19th Amendment

Provided women's suffrage.

Munn v. Illinois

Upheld the principle of state regulation of the railroad rates.

Wabash case

Declared that only Congress could regulate the rates of railroad lines engaged in interstate commerce.

Article I of the Constitution

Concerned with the Legislative branch of government.

Article II of the Constitution

Concerned with the Executive branch of government.

Article III of the Constitution

Concerned with the Judicial branch of government.

Article IV of the Constitution

Concerned with Relations among the states.

Article VI of the Constitution

Concerned with the Supremacy Clause.

Article VII of the Constitution

Concerned with Ratification.

Article V of the Constitution

Concerned with Amending the Constitution.

Gibbons v. Ogden / Steamboat Cases

Marshall Supreme Court case that upheld federal regulation of interstate commerce.

26th Amendment

Lowered the voting age to 18 years.

14th Amendment

Makes anyone born on United States soil a natural born citizen.

Third Amendment

Protects against the quartering of soldiers.

10th Amendment

Powers reserved to the states.

Fourth Amendment

Protects against search and seizures.

Fifth Amendment

Protects an individual from self-incrimination.

Seventh Amendment

Provides for civil trials and law.

First Amendment

Protects freedom of speech, the press, assembly, petition, and religion.